"Khabarovsk" picks up the baton of generations
The past year has shown that Russia has a sufficiently modern and powerful fleet capable of performing real tasks. Both training, when strategic missile carriers successfully hit targets in other parts of the world, including salvo launches of "Bulava", and combat.
Large landing ships, without attracting attention for the time being, ensured the deployment of an entire military base in Syria. Small missile ships from the Caspian Sea hit vital targets of terrorists of the IS banned in Russia. The same high-precision shooting for hundreds of kilometers from a submerged position, almost in passing, was noted by the diesel-electric submarine "Rostov-on-Don", which followed from the North to the place of service in the Black Sea Fleet.
"The rapid development of the" mosquito "fleet has become one of the hallmarks of modern Russia"
These episodes, which received international resonance and made the whole world make sure that it is better not to flex their muscles in front of Russia, neither on land, nor in the air, nor at sea, indicate the main trends of the fifth revival of the Russian fleet in its nearly 320-year history.
Last year, the fleet received almost fifty new ships and auxiliary vessels, approaching the task set by President Vladimir Putin at the May meeting in Sochi with the leadership of the Defense Ministry and representatives of the defense industry: technology. In the Ground Forces and the Air Force, their share should be 32 and 33 percent, respectively. In the Airborne Forces - 40 percent, in the Navy and the VKO Troops - more than half.
The nuclear submarine fleet is being updated most successfully. Of the eight strategic missile carriers of the Borei and Borei-A projects (designed by the Rubin Central Design Bureau), which are planned to be built, Yuri Dolgoruky, Alexander Nevsky and Vladimir Monomakh have already taken over the combat watch.
In varying degrees of readiness at Sevmash - "Prince Oleg", "Prince Vladimir", "Generalissimo Suvorov" and "Emperor Alexander III". On the agenda - the bookmark of another "Borea". On board such a submarine cruiser there are 16-20 ICBMs "Bulava" (each can carry 6-10 nuclear warheads).
The 170-meter, 24,000-ton displacement Borei, capable of submerging 450 meters and developing a speed of 29 knots, will become the backbone of Russia's naval nuclear forces by the middle of this century. So far, this mission is being flawlessly performed by the Project 667 BRDM Dolphins (according to NATO classification Delta-IV), which are undergoing gradual modernization, in particular, they are armed with more powerful Sineva missiles.
The construction of a new family of Yasen universal missile submarine cruisers with a displacement of over 13,000 tons, sinking to a depth of 600 meters and accelerating to 30 knots has also stabilized. “Conceptually, this project, the lead ship of which was the nuclear-powered submarine Severodvinsk, turned out to be slightly ahead of the development of multipurpose nuclear-powered ships in the United States,” said Vladimir Dorofeev, general director of the designer - the Malakhit naval engineering bureau. - The peculiarity of "Ash" is that it is equipped with a complex of weapons, which, in addition to torpedo tubes - for the first time in the practice of domestic shipbuilding are placed at an angle to the center plane - also includes vertical launchers of cruise missiles. Moreover, weapons for different purposes can be used from the same installations and torpedo tubes without re-equipping the ship. That is, today they went out with one ammunition load in order to solve tasks, for example, in the fight against surface ships and submarines, tomorrow they rebooted and are ready to hit coastal targets with volley fire. Mechanics and airborne electronic weapons work without problems with different types of weapons. During the state tests of the Severodvinsk cruiser, cruise missiles were successfully launched to destroy both surface ships and coastal targets at long range. With the help of this ship, the Navy, our state will be able to carry out a new function - non-strategic nuclear deterrence through the use of high-precision long-range cruise missiles."
The lead universal submarine "Severodvinsk" took up combat duty, and Sevmash is building four such nuclear-powered ships: "Kazan", "Novosibirsk", "Krasnoyarsk" and "Arkhangelsk" and is preparing to lay another one.
The fourth-generation nuclear submarine Yasen will support the atomarines of the previous years, which, gradually re-equipping, are in service: the Rubin projects 949 and 949A, the Malachite 671RTMK and 971, the Lazurite 945 and 945A.
At the same time, the most secret atomic strategic submarine "Khabarovsk" is being built at Sevmash, the developer is CDB MT "Rubin". This is an atomarina, probably already the fifth generation, where robotic systems are actively used (for more details - "Necessary and sufficient").
Meanwhile, the fourth generation of non-nuclear submarines has not yet left the stage of trial operation, although the lead Ruby's submarine "St. Petersburg" was laid down on December 26, 1997, and launched on October 28, 2004. The Lada project itself, when it was presented by Academician Igor Spassky, being the general director of the Rubin Central Design Bureau of MT, looked very attractive: noise, electromagnetic fields, the boat will be able to stay under water twice as long. The main indicator - stealth - is doubled compared to "Kilo". Lada will compete with dignity in the world."
However, more than a hundred know-how in the conditions of scientific and technological turbulence in Russia at the beginning of the XXI century takes root at times painfully.
In this regard, the creators of marine technology, according to Valentin Frolov, chief engineer of the Rubin Central Design Bureau, have their own specifics: “Unlike tank and aircraft construction, we do not have prototypes on which everything is worked out and brought into production, after which it is put into series … Our lead ship is a real marine proving ground test.”
In the end, advanced technologies, accumulated experience, skill of scientists and production workers, interaction with seafarers won out. The Lada project took place, which was confirmed by the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, Admiral Viktor Chirkov: “Submarines of the 677th project (“Lada”) are promising in their characteristics, much better than their predecessors. What we are doing today is the internal saturation of submarines with modern mechanisms and assemblies. We make high demands on all of them in terms of noise, in the ability to detect submarines of a potential enemy in the underwater environment, as well as in their defeat at greater distances. I myself and the groups of experts make trips to all the enterprises of the defense industry, which are engaged in the preparation of submarine components and mechanisms, and on the spot we look at what suits us and what is not, and demand high quality from the industry."
Vladimir Dorofeev:
“Today we came out with one
ammunition to tackle
tasks to combat
surface ships, rebooted tomorrow and
ready with salvo fire
hit coastal targets."
Photo: ic.news.mail.ru
Igor Spassky:
“Refused
double-hull design
boats - reduced noise, electromagnetic fields, the boat can take twice as long
be under water.
The main indicator is
stealth - increased
twice."
Photo: ITAR-TASS
Alexander Buzakov:
Detection range
enemy increased.
The idea is simple: who is the first
spotted an opponent
won the duel."
Photo: whoiswho.dp.ru
In the near future, the sailors are waiting for an air-independent power plant for these ships, which will ensure their long-term covert stay under water, and then the work will go faster. In any case, the construction of the already serial "Lad" - "Kronstadt" and "Velikie Luki", located in the slipway of the Admiralty shipyards, has revived. A contract is pending for the next submarine.
As planned, "Lada" will become the most massive family among non-nuclear submarines, its ships will serve in all fleets.
At the same time, it is worth paying tribute to the responsibility of naval sailors who did not want to drive an unworked project into a series, although hotheads suggested this. And the diesel submarine fleet of Russia by the end of the 90s shrank. At the Black Sea Fleet, for example, only one diesel-electric submarine "Alrosa" remained de facto operational. Therefore, the country's leadership, long before the annexation of Crimea, made a decision to create on the Black Sea a whole compound of six new submarines, named in honor of the cities of military glory. Novorossiysk, Rostov-on-Don, Stary Oskol and Krasnodar have already been transferred to the sailors. The extreme submarines of this series - "Veliky Novgorod" and "Kolpino" are being built according to the schedule. All of them are an improved version of the project 636.3 "Varshavyanka", which was beloved by sailors (according to NATO classification - Improved Kilo). Diesel-electric submarines with a displacement of 3950 tons are capable of diving to a depth of 300 meters and moving at a speed of 20 knots. A crew of 52 sailors can make one and a half month autonomous voyages. According to the General Director of the Admiralty Shipyards Alexander Buzakov, the project has undergone a deep modernization: “It differs from the previous models primarily in the range of weapons. The combat information and control system was completely changed, non-penetrating retractable devices appeared, which made it possible to free up additional useful volumes. A new storage battery with a longer service life has been installed. The design of the main electric motors has been improved. But the main thing is that the boat has become even quieter. That is, in fact, its noise is lower than the background of the sea in which it is located: the noise of the sea is heard, but it is not. And the detection range of the enemy is increased. The idea is simple: whoever first spotted an opponent won the duel. The ship is armed with 533 mm torpedoes (six devices), mines and the Kalibr strike missile system. Now he works on ground, surface and underwater targets. " This was demonstrated by the Rostov-on-Don diesel-electric submarine, which hit targets in the vicinity of the Syrian city of Raqqa, the capital of the Islamic State, from a submerged position. It is possible that the construction of the Varshavyanka will continue after the Black Sea Fleet is completed.
Our project 21631 Buyan-M RTOs deserved applause for the new Russian weapon, when on October 7 last year, four ships simultaneously performed 26 launches of Kalibr cruise missiles at the positions of ISIS militants directly from the Caspian Sea. According to Vice-Admiral Viktor Bursuk, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, by 2019 the fleet will receive about 10 such MRKs, and the Buyan-M project will be continued with light-class corvettes developed by the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau and armed with the same Calibers.
And even if each of the small hunters carries fewer charges than a bomber or a large ship, they can become indispensable under certain conditions. The legendary director of the Almaz shipbuilding company Anatoly Korolev, who preserved the production of small but nimble all-weather combat units in the devastating 90s, said with some pride: “Any cruiser or destroyer is always in sight, at gunpoint, he is being“led”, and my ships will be scattered over the water area - you will not see them, you will not keep up with them, but each on command is ready to release ammunition.
The rapid development of the "mosquito" fleet has become one of the hallmarks of modern Russia. The sea lines had to be defended, even when a significant part of the ships rotted away on the piers or were left on pins and needles. And MRKs, corvettes and boats are relatively cheap, the cycle of their creation is shorter, which means that more of them can be built, and the technologies of the XXI century make it possible to "pack" powerful weapons into modest dimensions. It is no coincidence that these types are being built in St. Petersburg, and in Zelenodolsk, and in Nizhny Novgorod, and in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and in Vladivostok …
The upgrade of the ships in the far sea zone is progressing slower than desired. Mainly because of the betrayal of the current Ukrainian leadership: our country, it seems, until the end believed that the neighbors would not cut the branches of military-technical cooperation, which would provide real funds for their choking economy, both in space technology and in engines for ships. aircraft and helicopters. But the launch of the production of domestic power plants, including ships, is on the way. Corps in St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad are already being prepared for them.
In the meantime, the lead frigate of Project 22350 "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Gorshkov" (developed by the Northern Design Bureau), the first large surface combat ship laid down at the Russian shipyards after the collapse of the USSR, is being tested in the North to join the fleet this year. The frigates "Admiral of the Fleet Kasatonov", "Admiral Golovko" and "Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Isakov" are at various stages of readiness at the Northern Shipyard. At this stage, the fleet plans to order the construction of eight such 135-meter ships with a displacement of 4,500 tons, armed with a 130-mm gun mount, Onyx or Caliber-NKE missiles and the Polyment-Redut air defense system. In the future, the frigate may become the most massive ship in the far sea zone.
At the same time, the brainchild of the Kaliningrad plant "Yantar", the patrol ship "Admiral Grigorovich", is undergoing state tests. The project of a 124-meter frigate with a displacement of 3,600 tons with missile and artillery weapons, developed by the Northern Design Bureau for India, after modernization organically fit into the Russian shipbuilding program under the code 11356. The watchdogs Admiral Essen and Admiral Makarov are preparing for delivery, ships named in honor of admirals G. I. Butakov and V. I. Istomin.
The long-awaited update of the amphibious ships begins. Testing of the lead ship of Project 11711 Ivan Gren has begun at the Baltic shipyard Yantar. True, it is possible that in addition to the 120-meter displacement of five thousand tons "Gren" and its analogue large landing craft "Petr Morgunov" a series of larger "marines" will be built.
A specialized high-tech fleet is also being revived.
On New Year's Eve, the Project 21300 Igor Belousov rescue vessel, created in collaboration with the Almaz Central Design Bureau and the Admiralty Shipyards, joined the Navy to help emergency submarines at half a kilometer depth. The firstborn will serve in the Pacific Fleet, but the prospects for the construction of rescuers for each of the fleets are being considered.
The Severnaya Verf and the Iceberg Design Bureau pleased with the new "sea reconnaissance" - the communications vessel "Yuri Ivanov" to provide communications and control of the naval forces, electronic warfare, radio and electronic reconnaissance, as well as tracking the components of the American missile defense system. The serial ship of project 18280 "Ivan Khurst" is ready.
The Srednevsky shipyard has made the head minesweeper of project 12700 "Alexander Obukhov" from non-magnetic materials, and the first serial mine-defense ship "Georgy Kurbatov" has already been built.
Nowadays, for the first time in the post-war years, attention has been paid to the renewal of the auxiliary fleet.
The Akademik Kovalev maritime armament transport project 20180TV was built in the Zvezdochka ship repair center in Severodvinsk.
At the Pacific Fleet, flags were raised on two roadstead tugs to service the Boreyev.
Severnaya Verf is testing the lead logistics support vessel of project 23120 "Elbrus" and is preparing the serial "supplier" "Vsevolod Bobrov".
The diesel-electric icebreaker "Ilya Muromets" of project 21180, laid down at the Admiralty shipyards, will effectively support the operations of ship groups in the Arctic zone.
The laying ceremony for the newest sea tanker of project 03182 Mikhail Barskov, adapted to work in the Arctic ice, took place at the Vostochnaya Verf shipyard in Vladivostok.
The Nevsky Shipyard is building the universal tanker Akademik Pashin.
The Far East shipyard "Zvezda" will receive a rebirth in the coming years. Until 2050, it is planned to build modular multipurpose platforms for submarines and surface ships, as well as 116 ships and other offshore equipment.
Construction of a new shipbuilding complex begins at Severnaya Verf, which will cost 31 billion rubles. In addition to the state-of-the-art hull-processing shop, metal warehouse and logistics terminal, the largest dry dock in the country, 400 meters long and 70 meters wide, will be located here. It is assumed that the complex will annually be able to produce up to eight ships, including unique ones of 300 meters in length.
Most likely, it is at Severnaya Verf that the construction of an ocean-class destroyer will begin in the coming years. Details of the Leader project have not yet been disclosed. It is known that the ship will be equipped with a nuclear power plant.
In Severodvinsk, the modernization of large surface ships is carried out in a planned manner: cruisers 1164 Atlant (Moscow, Varyag and Marshal Ustinov) - on Zvezdochka and TARK project 1144 Orlan (Admiral Nakhimov, Petr Great ) - at Sevmash.
But the most anticipated event in the fifth revival of the Russian fleet will be the construction of a new nuclear-powered aircraft-carrying cruiser. Its displacement is about 80 thousand tons. Up to 90 aircraft, including the fifth generation, can be serviced on board the ocean flagship.
The State Armament Program until 2020 provides five trillion rubles for the renewal of naval equipment. Such spending is understandable and understandable. Russia is surrounded on all sides by the sea. However, unlike other countries, our Armed Forces have to simultaneously defend five large naval theaters (including the Caspian Sea), and the state, accordingly, maintain five independent fleets, the consolidation of forces of which is practically impossible at once. The modern fleet must both ensure the security of the Russian economic zone and represent the interests of our state, displaying the St. Andrew's flag in all regions of the World Ocean.
Speaking about the development of the Navy, Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said: "As a result of the implementation of the State Armament Program until 2020, the fleet should receive eight missile submarine cruisers, 16 multipurpose submarines, 54 surface combat ships of various classes." Taking into account the unprecedented pressure from "probable friends" led by the United States, it is extremely difficult to carry out these plans, but there is no other way either. In the end, it’s not about the key figures. The main thing is that the Russian fleet looks confidently into the future.
Alexey Zakhartsev
Underwater slug
Borey May Have an Economical Alternative
The tactics of submarine missile carriers have always been rigidly tied to the range of the weapons they carried on board.
A bit of history. The first diesel-powered missile boats with D-1 complexes (R-11FM missile, range - 150 km, surface launch system) were forced to approach the enemy for a "pistol shot", putting at enormous risk not only the execution of a combat mission, but also their own existence. As more advanced missile systems were developed, the missile launch zones were removed from the American continent deep into the World Ocean, which reduced the likelihood of detecting and destroying their carriers. In the middle of 1963, a revolution took place - the missiles went under water. Project 629 with the D-4 complex (R-21 missile, underwater launch, range - 1400 km) has been the workhorse of the naval component of the strategic nuclear forces for more than 17 years.
Project 658 with the D-9 complex (R-29 missile, underwater launch, range - 7800 km) further pushed the combat patrol areas away from the enemy's shores and reduced the vulnerability of our missile carriers. Equipping the latest series of nuclear submarines (Dolphin, Borey) with missiles of an intercontinental range of 8,000 - 11,000 kilometers (Bulava, Sineva) made another revolution in SSBN tactics. Now it is possible to hit the enemy's targets "from the pier". There is no need to go into distant areas of combat patrols, break through the stationary systems of NATO and US ASWs, and avoid enemy surface, submarine and air forces hunting for our missile carriers. It is enough to calmly reach the starting positions located in our coastal areas, protected by the Russian Navy and Air Force from any encroachments. This tactic sharply increases the invulnerability of SSBNs, significantly increases the period of their stay in combat positions by reducing the time required to enter the launch areas and return to the base for repair and maintenance work.
A fundamental question arises: why do they need nuclear reactors, high underwater and surface speed, maximum diving depth, if you just need to leave the base, slowly reach the starting positions and calmly settle on them while waiting for the Start command. It is wasteful to use boats of the Borey project for this purpose, to put it mildly, but there is no alternative yet.
Requires a design that is fundamentally different from the existing ones, which can hardly be called a boat. Rather, it is a strategic missile submarine complex (SSBN), which differs from its land-based counterparts in its ability to change positions under the cover of the sea. He does not need high speed, a high-strength hull (enough depths from which an underwater launch is carried out), a powerful power plant. Its capabilities should be sufficient to ensure the functioning of the complex and the crew, movement in combat positions, of which several are defined, in order to change them during duty, increasing secrecy. It is necessary today to finance the design of such a platform in order to determine its tactical and technical characteristics, the timing and cost of construction. Taking into account its equipment (an air-independent power plant, the absence of long-range sonar systems and much more, which is necessary to break through enemy ASW systems and perform combat missions in the World Ocean and is completely unnecessary for SSBNs located in guarded positions near their native shores), the cost and speed of design and the construction of such platforms will be many times, if not an order of magnitude less than the existing and laid down PLABRs. The transition to a new concept will sharply increase the invulnerability of our naval component of the strategic nuclear forces against a rapid global strike. As SSBNs enter service, the freed up funds can be used to re-equip the SSBNs currently in service for other tasks that are more consistent with their high tactical and technical characteristics, for example, equipping them with anti-ship ballistic missiles such as the Chinese Dongfeng-21D. It will be necessary to revise the composition of the forces necessary for the reliable protection of SSBN watch areas. Together with Status-6, the new configuration of the naval component of the strategic nuclear forces will forever bury the idea of an instant global strike.
