230 years ago, the Black Sea Fleet under the command of Ushakov defeated the Turkish Navy near the Kerch Strait. The victory of the Russian fleet thwarted the plans of the Ottoman command to land troops in the Crimea.
Creation of the Black Sea Fleet
In 1783, a detachment of the Azov flotilla of Vice Admiral Klokachev in the southwestern part of the Crimean peninsula founded the port of Akhtiarsky. In 1784 it was renamed Sevastopol (from the Greek "City of Glory"). From this time the history of the Black Sea Fleet begins. First, it included the ships of the Azov flotilla, then new ships began to come from the shipyards of Kherson. The new port was founded in 1778 near the mouth of the Dnieper and became the main shipbuilding center in the south of the Russian Empire. In 1874, the first battleship was launched in Kherson, and the Black Sea Admiralty was also created here.
The task was extremely difficult. The northern Black Sea region has practically just returned to Russia. Its development proceeded at a rapid pace, but literally from scratch. New towns and villages, ports and shipyards, enterprises and roads were built. There was a large-scale resettlement of the people to the south, the development of fertile lands. The former "Wild Field" was literally turning into a prosperous land right before our eyes. To create the nucleus of the Black Sea Fleet, the Russian government was going to transfer the squadron from the Baltic. Six frigates passed around Europe, reached the Dardanelles, but Porta refused to let them into the Black Sea. The negotiations went on for a year, but without success. Constantinople hoped to take revenge in the Black Sea region, to return the lost territories, including the Crimea. Therefore, Russian ships from the Baltic to the Crimea were not allowed.
The warlike attitude of Turkey was supported by the great Western powers - France and England. The West wanted to return Russia to the past, when the country had no access to the Azov and Black Seas. In August 1778, the Turks demanded the return of the Crimea and the revision of the previously concluded agreements between St. Petersburg and Istanbul. The Russian ambassador Bulgakov rejected the impudent claims and was arrested. It was a declaration of war. The Turkish fleet under the command of Gassan Pasha (Hussein Pasha) headed for the Dnieper-Bug estuary.
War
Russia was not ready for a war on the Black Sea. The fleet and its infrastructure have just begun to be created. There was a shortage of experienced personnel, ships, weapons, materials, supplies, etc. The sea was poorly studied. The Turks had complete superiority. At the beginning of the war, Russia had only 4 battleships on the Black Sea, the Ottomans had about 20. Also, the Russian fleet was divided into two parts: the ship fleet was stationed in Sevastopol, the rowing flotilla with part of the sailing ships was in the Dnieper-Bug estuary. In order to somehow strengthen the Liman flotilla, the "armada" of Catherine II, on which she traveled from St. Petersburg in 1787, was converted into combat ships.
The Turkish command planned to seize the area of the Dnieper-Bug estuary and break further into the Crimea. In October 1787, the Turkish fleet landed troops in the Kinburn area, but the Russian detachment under the command of Suvorov destroyed the enemy. In the spring of 1788, the Turks resumed their offensive. A fleet of 100 ships and vessels with 2,200 guns was concentrated at the entrance to the estuary. The Russian flotilla had here several sailing ships and about 50 rowing ships, about 460 guns. In June, the Russians inflicted a heavy defeat on the enemy in the Ochakovo battle ("The defeat of the Turkish fleet in the Ochakovo battle"). In July, near the island of Fidonisi, the Sevastopol squadron of Admiral Voinovich (de facto the battle was led by the captain of the brigadier rank Ushakov) forced the superior forces of the Turkish fleet to retreat ("The Battle of Fidonisi"). Soon after this battle, the decisive naval commander Fyodor Fedorovich Ushakov was appointed head of the Sevastopol squadron, and then the commander of the Black Sea Fleet.
Thus, the battles at Ochakov and Fidonisi showed that Turkey had lost its supremacy at sea. Russian ships began to make cruises to the enemy shores. So, in September 1788 Senyavin's detachment reached Sinop and fired at the enemy fortifications. The Ottoman fleet left the Ochakov area, and in December the Russian army took the strategic fortress, taking control of the entire Dnieper-Bug estuary. In 1789, Russian troops under the command of Suvorov defeated the Turks at Foksani and at Rymnik. In the same year Nikolaev was founded, which became a new center of shipbuilding. Russian troops took Khadzhibey, where they began to build a port (Odessa).
Battle
The Turkish command believed that the offensive of the Russian army on the Danube front would weaken the coastal defenses. Therefore, the Ottomans decided to land troops on the coast, primarily in the Crimea. With the success of the operation, the Russian forces were diverted from the main theater. Such an operation was dangerous for the Russian army, since its forces were small. From Sinop and Samsun and other ports of Turkey there were two days of sailing, from Anapa to Kerch and Feodosia, only a few hours of sailing for Turkish ships. Therefore, in Sevastopol and Kherson, they took this threat seriously.
In the spring of 1790, the Turks were preparing the fleet for the campaign. The Russian commander decided to march to the enemy's shores. The Sevastopol squadron went to sea with the aim of reconnaissance and disruption of enemy communications. Ushakov's ships approached Sinop, then moved along the coast to Samsun, then to Anapa and returned to Sevastopol. The Russians captured several Turkish ships and found out that intensive training of the fleet with amphibious forces was underway in Constantinople. At the end of June 1790, the main forces of the Turkish fleet left Constantinople under the command of Hussein Pasha - 10 ships of the line, 8 frigates (about 1100 guns) and 36 ships with a landing party. The Turkish fleet moved towards the Anapa fortress, where it took on board the infantry. On July 2 (13), the Sevastopol squadron of Ushakov - 10 ships and 6 frigates (about 830 guns), 16 auxiliary ships, again left the base.
On the morning of July 8 (19), 1790, Ushakov's squadron was located opposite the Yenikalsky (Kerch) Strait, between the Crimea and Taman. The enemy was soon discovered. Turkish ships went from Anapa to the Crimean peninsula. Both squadrons had an equal number of battleships, but the Turks had the advantage. Firstly, the ships "St. George", "John the Theologian", "Alexander Nevsky", "Peter the Apostle" and "Apostle Andrew" were armed with 46-50 guns, that is, they were actually frigates. At the direction of the Russian commander-in-chief Potemkin, they were listed as battleships, later, as new 66-80 cannon ships were built, they were returned to the frigate class. Only 5 ships had 66-80 guns: "Mary Magdalene", "Transfiguration", "Vladimir", "Pavel" and "Nativity of Christ" (flagship, the only 80-gun ship). Therefore, the Russian fleet was inferior to the enemy in artillery armament. Secondly, the Turks had numerous crews and troops, that is, they could go on boarding. Also, the Ottoman ships occupied an upwind position, which gave them an advantage in maneuver.
Ushakov's ships lined up. Finding the Russians, Hussein Pasha gave the order to attack. At noon, Turkish ships approached the enemy within a shot range and opened fire. The main blow was directed at the Russian vanguard under the command of Brigadier Captain Golenkin (66-gun ship "Maria Magdalena"). Russian ships returned fire. Seeing that his forward forces could not defeat the Russian vanguard, the Turkish admiral directed fire against him and other ships. Then Ushakov ordered the frigates (they had 40 guns each) to leave the line. Frigates with small-caliber cannons could not effectively resist the enemy from such a distance. Frigates "John the Warrior", "St. Jerome "," Protection of the Virgin "," Ambrose "and others left the battle line, creating a reserve, and the battleships closed the formation. The Russian commander wanted the corps de battalion (the middle part of the squadron) to approach the vanguard.
At about 15:00 the wind changed, facilitating the maneuver of the Russian ships. Ushakov's ships approached the enemy at close range and could use all the artillery. They even fired with rifles. Russian frigates led by "John" moved forward and supported the vanguard. The Ottomans, in order to improve their position relative to the enemy, began to turn. But this maneuver only worsened the position of Hussein Pasha's ships. At the moment of the turn, the Turks approached the Russian ships, which immediately increased the fire. The gunners of the ships "Rozhdestven Christ" of the 2nd rank captain Yelchaninov and the "Transfiguration of the Lord" of the 2nd rank captain Sablin did a particularly good job. Two Turkish ships were so badly damaged that they temporarily lost control. To protect his damaged ships, the Turkish commander changed course and went counter-tack parallel to the enemy. As a result, the Ottomans were able to save their damaged ships.
At about 17:00 Hussein Pasha ordered the retreat to begin. Taking advantage of the best high-speed qualities of their ships (they were sheathed with copper) and the ensuing darkness, the Turks fled. The most damaged ships went to Sinop, the other part of the squadron to Constantinople. Many Turkish ships were badly damaged, the enemy suffered heavy damage in personnel. However, the Ottomans tried to hide their defeat, announced the victory and destruction of several Russian ships. The losses in the Russian squadron were about 100 people.
Thus, Ushakov defeated the Turkish fleet and thwarted the enemy's plans for a landing in the Crimea. The Black Sea Fleet has strengthened its positions in the region. In Constantinople, the defense of the capital was strengthened, fearing the Russians. In battle, Ushakov acted outside the box, moved away from linear tactics: he broke the line, strengthened the vanguard with the main forces, and brought the frigates into reserve. That is, the Russian admiral was the first to use the principle of concentration of forces and mutual support.
