MLRS (multiple launch rocket system) "Uragan" is intended to destroy manpower, armored and lightly armored vehicles of enemy tank and motorized infantry units on the march and in places of concentration, destruction of command posts, military infrastructure and communication centers, remote installation of antipersonnel and anti-tank minefields in combat zones at a distance of 10 - 35 thousand m.
Taking into account the adoption of the M-21 Field Reactive System in 1963, the Tula State Research Institute of Precision Engineering in 1963-1964, on its own initiative, carried out prospecting work in order to study the possibility of creating a more long-range and powerful system in terms of the number of explosives in a salvo, with the help of which it would be possible solve combat missions in an operational manner at ranges from 10 to 40 thousand meters.
In June 1964, the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering sent for consideration the "Project of a field multiple launch rocket system" Uragan ", having a projectile range of 35 thousand meters. opening of multiple launch rocket fire in a short period of time. This system can be used to destroy manpower, fire weapons, tanks, nuclear and chemical weapons and other targets and objects of the enemy located openly or hidden in field installations at ranges of up to 40 thousand meters.
On the basis of the order of the Ministry of Defense Industry (MOP), dated December 28, 1966, research work "Creation of a high-precision multiple launch rocket system" Uragan "(NV-121-66) began in 1967. The work was completed in December 1967 with confirmation of the possibility obtaining the specified characteristics, carrying out theoretical studies, bench tests of engines, separation mechanisms, delayed deployment of the stabilizer, aerodynamic blowing and fire with model projectiles.
The results of the work carried out were approved by subsection No. 1 of section 1 of the Scientific and Technical Council of the Ministry of Defense Industry and the topic was recommended for development work after the elimination of the identified deficiencies.
On the basis of the order of the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering and the Ministry of General Mechanical Engineering No. 18/94, in 1968 a preliminary design of the Uragan multiple launch rocket complex was developed. In September of the same year, the work was recommended for development work (from the document TULGOSNIITOCHMASH (Tula) of the early 1970s).
In 1969 - early 1970, work was carried out to draw up and adjust the TTT for development work: "Army MLRS" "Grad-3" (at the beginning of 1970 it was changed to "Uragan"). Apparently, these are the tactical and technical requirements No. 0010 of military unit 64176. The system should have included a combat vehicle, command vehicle, transport vehicle and arsenal equipment. It was proposed to use the following types of projectile warheads: cluster fragmentation, high-explosive (has a given body crushing), cluster, intended for remote mining. The decision to develop other types of warheads (incendiary, cumulative, propaganda, in special. Content) were to be taken by the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering in the second quarter of 1970 based on the results of the preliminary project. In the design of the projectiles, it was supposed to use one solid-propellant jet engine for all warheads with an unregulated nozzle over the entire operating temperature range. There were no replaceable nozzles. It was proposed to use the ZIL-135LM chassis as the base of the MLRS. During the preliminary design, variants of a combat vehicle and a transport vehicle on the tracked chassis of the MT-S transporter-tractor were to be worked out (option Tactical and technical requirements for the Grad-3 multiple launch rocket system (Hurricane) and the terms of reference for the completion of the command vehicle). The number of guides should have been 20 pieces. when using chassis from ZIL-135LM and 24 pcs. on the MT-S chassis. But the exact number of guides had to be clarified after reviewing the draft design. For the transport vehicle, the Kraz-253 wheeled chassis was also considered as a base.
From a letter to A. N. Ganichev. (TULGOSNIITOCHMASH) Elagin (GRAU) in military unit 64176 learned that the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering and the Ministry of Defense Industry approved the following executors for the Grad-3 multiple launch rocket system:
Ministry of Mechanical Engineering:
Research Institute of Chemical Technology (p / box A-7210, Moscow region, Lyubertsy) for testing the powder charge and the ignition system;
Plant "Krasnoarmeets" and the State Design Bureau of Instrument Making (p / box V-8475, Leningrad) for testing the means of ignition;
Kazan Research Institute of the Chemical Industry (p / box V-2281, Kazan) for an expelling charge for a cassette warhead;
Plant named after Maslennikov (p / box R-6833, Kuibyshev) to create a contact action fuse for a high-explosive warhead, a mechanical-type remote tube for a cluster warhead;
Institute "Geodesy" (p / box R-6766, Moscow region, Krasnoarmeysk) tests and evaluation of the effectiveness of the warhead;
Research Institute "Poisk" (p / box V-8921, Leningrad) for testing a contact fuse for a combat element of a cluster warhead;
Krasnoarmeisky Research Institute of Mechanization (p / box A-7690, Moscow region, Krasnoarmeysk) for testing the equipment of a high-explosive warhead, an explosive charge for a warhead of a cluster warhead;
Orsk Mechanical Plant (p / i R-6286, Orenburg region, Orsk) for the manufacture of warheads and engines hulls.
Ministry of Defense Industry:
Perm Machine-Building Plant named after V. I. Lenin (p / i R-6760, Perm) for transport and combat vehicles;
All-Union Scientific Research Institute "Signal" (p / box A-1658, Vladimir region, Kovrov) on the completion of the command vehicle.
Work on the creation of the MLRS "Uragan" was carried out on the basis of the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 71-26 dated 01.21.1970 (order of the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering No. 33 dated 01.28.1970).
In order to check the measures that are associated with work to increase the range of fire, in January-February 1971, 30 firing was planned. shells MLRS "Uragan" from a ballistic installation, placed on the gun carriage ML-20. Shells with three types of plumage were to be delivered:
- knife type, feather thickness 7 millimeters, opening of feathers to the longitudinal axis of the projectile at an angle of 90 °;
- according to the "Grad" projectile scheme;
- combined (combining the plumage of a knife-type projectile and "Grad").
During the purges at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute, variants of projectiles with three types of plumage received positive results. At the same time, the stability margin was about 12 percent.
In 1972, the Tula State Research Institute of Precision Engineering carried out work on the topic HB2-154-72 Single-channel angular stabilization system for the Grad and Uragan projectiles (1st quarter 1972 - start of work, 2nd quarter 1973 - end) …
In 1972, the search for a single-channel angular stabilization system was carried out in two directions:
- based on an angular velocity sensor with the use of gas-dynamic executive bodies;
- based on a contact angle sensor with the use of powder impulse actuators.
According to the report of the Tula State Research Institute of Precision Engineering on work in 1972, this year they carried out theoretical calculations, simulations on analog electronic machines, experimental laboratory studies of a single-channel angular stabilization system, as well as its elements for uragan and Grad rockets. . Defined the basic requirements for the system and system elements.
The stabilization system included an electronic conversion unit, an angular displacement sensor, and gas-dynamic-type or pulse-type actuators.
It was determined that the use of a single-channel stabilization system in the "Hurricane" and "Grad" projectiles improves their characteristics in terms of accuracy of fire by 1.5-2 times.
They developed drawings for the elements of the angular stabilization system, made prototypes and tested them in laboratory conditions. By the time the report was drawn up or submitted, a batch of blocks of a single-channel angular stabilization system for flight tests was being produced.
In 1972, on the basis of the order of the head of the second Main Directorate of the Ministry of Mechanical Engineering No. 17 dated 20.12.1970, TulgosNIItochmash carried out research work on the topic Research of ways to create long-range projectiles for the Uragan and Grad systems (NV2-110-71g).
In accordance with the target task, we performed theoretical and experimental work that demonstrated the possibility of increasing the firing range of Uragan and Grad projectiles through the use of high-impulse fuel and durable materials for the manufacture of the hull.
In 1972, it was recommended to carry out experimental design work on the development of the Uragan system (probably, it means the development of shells or a projectile) with a firing range increased to 40 thousand meters.
In 1972, the factory development was completed, and the system was presented for field trials, consisting of:
- unguided rockets with fragmentation cluster (weight 80-85 kg) and high-explosive (weight 100-105 kg) warheads;
- BM 9P140 mounted on the chassis of the ZIL-135LM car;
- 9T452 transport and loading vehicle mounted on the chassis of a ZIL-135LM vehicle;
- arsenal equipment.
During the factory testing, we received the characteristics of the system that met the main tactical and technical requirements:
- the greatest firing range of projectiles with a high-explosive warhead - 34 thousand meters, cluster warhead - 35 thousand meters;
- accuracy of fire:
a projectile with a high-explosive warhead: in the direction Vb / X = 1/174, in the range Vd / X = 1/197;
a projectile with a cluster warhead: in the direction Vb / X = 1/152, along the range Vd / X = 1/261;
- reduced area of destruction of a projectile with a cluster warhead when the combat element approaches the target 85-90 degrees:
manpower located openly - 22090 m2 (Eud. = 10 kgm / cm2);
military equipment - 19270 m2 (Eud. = 135 kgm / cm2);
- reduced area of destruction of a projectile with a high-explosive warhead:
military equipment - 1804 m2 (Eud = 240kgm / cm2);
- funnel size:
depth 4, 8 m;
diameter 8 m.
The combat vehicle has 18 guides; volley time - 9 seconds, ammunition of shells carried on a transport-loading vehicle - 1 set.
The combat vehicle was developed under the guidance of chief designer Yuri Nikolaevich Kalachnikov.
The system is constantly being modernized - for example, today there are a number of modifications of rockets, as well as warheads for these shells.
Currently, the 9K57 Uragan MLRS is in service with the Russian, Kazakh, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Yemeni armies, and also, probably, the Syrian army.
The Hurricane multiple launch rocket system was widely used in combat in Afghanistan. In the early 1980s, it was deployed and used by the Syrian military at the initial stage of the war with Israel. The system was used by federal troops in the Chechen Republic. According to open data, the last time the system was used by Russian troops was in 2008 during the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict.
In Ukraine, work was carried out to install an artillery unit on the KrAZ-6322 chassis modified for its installation. The time of the work has not been set.
The Hurricane multiple launch rocket system includes:
Fighting vehicle 9P140;
Transport and loading vehicle 9Т452;
Rocket projectiles
KAUO (automated fire control complex) 1V126 "Kapustnik-B";
Educational and training means;
Topographic survey vehicle 1T12-2M;
Radio direction-finding meteorological complex 1B44;
Set of arsenal special equipment and tools 9F381
The 9P140 combat vehicle was carried out on a four-axle chassis of a ZIL-135LMP vehicle with high cross-country ability and an 8x8 wheel arrangement. The artillery unit consists of a package that contains sixteen tubular guides, a rotary base with sights and guidance mechanisms, a balancing mechanism, as well as hydraulic and electrical equipment. Guidance mechanisms equipped with power drives make it possible to direct a package of guides from 5 to +55 degrees in the vertical plane. The horizontal guidance angle is ± 30 degrees from the longitudinal axis of the combat vehicle. To increase the stability of the launcher during a shot, there are two supports in the rear of the chassis, which are equipped with manually operated jacks. Rocket projectiles can be transported directly in the guides. The combat vehicle is equipped with a night vision device and communication equipment (radio station R-123M).
Tubular guides - smooth-walled pipes with a U-shaped screw groove, along which the rocket pin slides during a shot. Thus, its initial spin is provided to give the projectile the stability required in flight. The projectile, when moving along the trajectory of rotation, is supported by the blades of the drop-down stabilizer, which are installed to the longitudinal axis of the projectile at a certain angle. A salvo of one combat vehicle covers an area of more than 42 hectares. The main method of shooting is to fire from a closed position. There is a possibility of firing from the cockpit. Calculation of the 9P140 combat vehicle - 6 people (4 people in peacetime): combat vehicle commander, driver mechanic, gunner (senior gunner), crew numbers (3 people).
The package of guides is installed on a cradle - a rectangular welded platform. The cradle with the upper machine is connected by means of two semiaxes, around which it swings (turns) when hovering along the elevation angles. The set of a cradle, a package of guides, a number of assemblies and parts of the locking mechanism, a sight bracket, an ignition system and others make up the swinging part. With the help of the rotating part of the combat vehicle, the package of guides is given the desired azimuth angle. The rotating part consists of a swinging part, an upper machine, a balancing, lifting and turning mechanism, a shoulder strap, a gunner's platform, a manual guidance drive, a swinging part locking mechanism, a swinging part hydraulic lock, a rotating part locking mechanism. The balancing mechanism partially compensates for the moment of the weight of the swinging part. It consists of mounting parts and a pair of torsion bars. Rotary and lifting mechanisms are used to guide the package of guides in the horizontal plane and along the elevation angle. The main targeting method is the electric drive. For repairs and in the event of a failure, a manual drive is used. The locking mechanisms fix the moving parts of the installation during movement. The hydraulic lock of the swinging part unloads the lifting mechanism during firing and prevents misalignment of aiming at elevation angles.
The combat vehicle has a panoramic mechanical sight D726-45. The standard gun panorama PG-1M is used as a goniometric and sighting device in the sight.
The launch system of the 9P140 combat vehicle is provided by:
- safe operation of the crew, which serves the combat vehicle when firing;
- conducting multiple rocket launchers and single fire while in the crew cabin;
- conducting salvo and single fire when the crew is in the shelter at a distance of up to 60 meters from the combat vehicle;
- firing in the event of failure of power sources and main blocks of firing chains.
The launch system provides the possibility of multiple launch rocket fire at a constant rate (16 missiles are launched at a rate of 0.5 seconds) and the so-called "ragged" rate of fire (the first 8 missiles are launched at 0.5 second intervals, the rest of the missiles at 2 seconds intervals). Due to the use of a "ragged" rate of fire, it can significantly reduce the frequency and amplitude of oscillations of a combat vehicle, and, consequently, improve the accuracy of firing.
To load the launcher, the 9T452 transport-loading vehicle is used, developed on the chassis identical to the combat vehicle. Each 9T452 loader can carry 16 rockets. The machine provides loading (unloading) without special. preparation of a position, including from any transport vehicle, from another transport-loading vehicle or from the ground. The reloading process is mechanized, the loading time is 15 minutes. Loading capacity 300 kg.
The equipment of the transport-loading machine consists of a frame, a crane, a tray with a rammer, cargo carts, a load-gripping device, an operator's platform, a docking device, a rod, a crane swing reducer, electrical equipment, an alignment mechanism, and spare parts. A rammer tray is a folding beam along which a pusher with a rocket moves. The alignment mechanism aligns the axis of the rocket, which is in the tray, and the axis of the guide tube. Left and right bogies are designed to accommodate missiles. The transport-loading vehicle has three electric drives, which carry out: lifting / lowering the missiles, turning the crane, sending missiles into the guides.
The loading of the combat vehicle is carried out in the following order from the upper tier: raise the rocket, put it in the tray, unhook the load-gripping device, send the rocket into the guide.
A feature of the ZIL-135LMP four-axle wheeled chassis was the location of the power plant behind the four-seater cockpit. This power plant consisted of two eight-cylinder V-shaped ZIL-375 carburetor engines. At 3200 rpm, each engine delivers up to 180 hp. The transmission has an onboard scheme: the wheels of each side are rotated by an independent engine through a separate gearbox, final drives and transfer cases. The wheels of the first and fourth axles are steerable, with an independent torsion bar suspension with shock absorbers. The wheels of the middle axles are close together, do not have an elastic suspension and are rigidly attached to the frame. The machine is equipped with a centralized tire pressure regulation system. The machine has a very high cross-country ability and speed characteristics. When driving with full load on the highway, the maximum speed is 65 kilometers per hour, without preliminary preparation it can overcome fords up to 1.2 meters deep. The fuel range is 500 km.
The Hurricane multiple launch rocket system ammunition consists of the following rockets:
- 9M27F having a high-explosive fragmentation warhead;
- 9M27K having a cluster warhead with fragmentation submunitions;
- 9M27S having an incendiary warhead;
- 9M59, 9M27K2, 9M27K3 having a cluster warhead with anti-tank mines;
- 9M51 with a volume-detonating warhead (during the war in Afghanistan showed high efficiency).
The maximum firing range is 35 thousand meters, for destruction at shorter distances, rings are put on the rocket, which slow it down in flight. The flight range of the small-ring cluster projectile is 11-22 km, the 9M27F unguided missile is 8-21 km. In the case of using a large stopping range of a cluster projectile is 9 - 15 km, and the 9M27F projectile is 8 - 16 km.
The complex can be operated in conditions of the enemy using nuclear, bacteriological, chemical weapons at different times of the year and day, at an air temperature of -40 … + 50 ° С. in different climatic conditions.
The Hurricane multiple launch rocket system can be transported by water, rail or air.
The performance characteristics of the 9P140 MLRS "Hurricane" MLRS:
Combat vehicle weight in combat position - 20 tons;
Combat vehicle weight without calculation and shells - 15, 1 tons;
Dimensions in the stowed position:
Length - 9.630 m;
Width - 2, 8 m;
Height - 3.225 m;
Wheel formula - 8x8
Number of guides - 16 pcs;
Rotation of the guides - 240 degrees;
Recharge time - 15 minutes;
Cruising on the highway - 500 km;
The time for transferring a combat vehicle from a traveling to a combat position is no more than 3 minutes;
The time for leaving the firing position after firing a volley is less than 1.5 minutes;
The range of temperatures for combat use is from -40 to +50 ° С;
Surface wind - up to 20 m / s;
Relative air humidity at 20..25 ° С - up to 98%;
Dust content of surface air - up to 2 g / m3;
Application altitude above sea level - up to 3000 m;
General characteristics of rockets:
Caliber - 220 mm
Weight of a solid propellant powder charge - 104, 1 kg
Maximum firing range - 35 km;
The minimum firing range is 8 km;
Temperature range for combat use - from -50 to +50 ° С;
The temperature range of short-term (up to 6 hours) stay of the PC is from -60 to +60 ° C.
Based on materials from the site rbase.new-factoria.ru
