At the last forum "Army-2016", samples of military retro technology were also included in the exposition. The purpose of the article is not to go deep into the technical subtleties and the history of development, but only to very briefly talk about the exhibited samples, some of which contributed to the victory in World War II, others became the next stage in the development of army vehicles. And only for the last sample a more detailed description is given.
GAZ-AA / GAZ-MM
This car traces its history back to the one and a half-ton Ford-AA truck of the 1929 model. On February 1, 1930, the first 30 Ford-AA cars were assembled from imported parts in the temporary assembly workshops of the Gudok Oktyabrya plant in Nizhny Novgorod. Due to the fact that a number of nodes in the Ford-AA truck did not correspond to the operation in our country, changes were made to its design and on January 29, 1932, the first fully Soviet-made truck under the brand name N. A. Z. In October 1932, Nizhny Novgorod was renamed Gorky and NAZ (Nizhny Novgorod Automobile Plant) became GAZ (Gorky Automobile Plant), and the car received the GAZ-AA index. In 1938, an increased power engine was installed on a GAZ-AA truck and many other improvements were made, after which it received the designation GAZ-MM. Externally, the GAZ-MM did not differ from its predecessor.
ZIS-5
In December 1933, the Moscow Automobile Plant named after Stalin, instead of the previous 2.5-ton truck AMO-3, switched to the production of the 3-ton truck AMO-5 (ZiS-5). Compared with the previous model AMO-3, the designers chose the path of extremely simplified design and giving it survivability and durability. Non-ferrous metals were practically excluded from the construction and only steel, cast iron, wood were left. The ZiS-5 became the first Russian car on which a tire inflation compressor was installed as a serial equipment. ZiS-5 quickly earned a reputation as a simple, very reliable and maintainable vehicle. In February 1942, the production of such trucks began in Ulyanovsk, where equipment from the ZiS was evacuated. Since June 1942, the ZiS-5V began to be produced at the Moscow Automobile Plant, where the production of cars was again launched. Since July 1944, the production of these trucks began in the Urals, at a plant in the city of Miass. At the Moscow plant, the ZiS-5V was produced until 1946. At the Miass automobile plant, the production of the ZiS-5 in a simplified version continued until 1958.
Studebaker US6
In late 1941, Studebaker Corp. of America began production of three-axle Army Studebaker US6 off-road vehicles for the US Army. But the command considered these machines as not quite standard for the American army and preferred to send them mainly to the allies. About half of all trucks produced were delivered to the USSR under Lend-Lease. Cars arrived both assembled and disassembled. Studebaker became the most common imported trucks in the Red Army during World War II. In the Red Army, Studebaker onboard vehicles were used as transport vehicles and artillery tractors. There were also dump trucks, tank trucks and truck tractors. The chassis was widely used as a base for rocket artillery combat vehicles.
BM-13N "Katyusha" on the chassis ZiS-151
Due to the fact that during the war the production of BM-13 launchers was urgently deployed at several enterprises, changes were made to the design of the installation due to the production technology adopted at these enterprises. Thus, the troops used up to ten varieties of the BM-13 launcher, which made it difficult to train personnel and negatively affected the operation of military equipment. For these reasons, a unified (normalized) BM-13N launcher was developed and adopted in April 1943, which could be installed on any appropriate chassis. The Studebaker US6 off-road truck was adopted as the base chassis. Since 1948, this launcher began to be installed on the ZiS-151 chassis, then the ZIL-157 (BM-13NM), and later on the ZIL-131 (BM-13NMM). At the same time, the artillery part of the BM-13N, BM-13NM and BM-13NMM machines was exactly the same.
GAZ-63
In 1948, the serial production of the GAZ-63 all-terrain vehicle began, which became the first serial Soviet all-terrain vehicle to receive all-wheel drive, the same front and rear wheel track, a self-pulling winch on the front bumper (GAZ-63A) and a single rear wheel tire. First of all, the GAZ-63 was intended for the army and therefore immediately began to enter the troops in large quantities. The GAZ-63 all-wheel drive two-axle truck was intended for the transportation of personnel and goods weighing up to 2 tons on highways and goods weighing up to 1.5 tons on bad roads and off-road. The main trailer is a single-axle GAZ-705 with a carrying capacity of 1 ton. The vehicle could also transport light and medium guns and two-axle special low-bed trailers with equipment. Military modifications of the GAZ-63 had shielded electrical equipment that does not create radio interference, and blackout means.
ZIL-157
In 1958, the last all-wheel drive truck ZiL-151 rolled off the assembly line of the Moscow Automobile Plant named after I. A. Unlike the ZIL-151, the new car received a single-sided tire and a tire pressure control system, which significantly increased its cross-country ability. To adjust the air pressure in tires on an inclined floor, a block of tire valves was installed in the center of the cab, consisting of 6 valves with flywheels, each of which was designed to regulate the air pressure in one of the tires. The carrying capacity of the car during operation on mixed roads, as well as on unpaved roads was 2.5 tons. When operating the car on paved roads without long detours on the ground, the weight of the transported cargo could be increased to 4.5 tons. folding benches, which in the raised position increase the height of the main boards. These two benches could accommodate 16 people. All cars coming off the assembly line were painted in a protective dark green color. ZIL-157 was in service with the armies of the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact countries, as well as a number of countries in the Middle East, Asia and Africa.
LuAZ-967M
In 1956, Boris Fitterman was tasked with creating a light all-wheel drive floating conveyor with a two-cylinder engine from a heavy motorcycle M-72. An experimental conveyor was created in the same year. The manufacture of the conveyor was planned to be carried out at a motorcycle plant in the city of Irbit, but at the top it was decided to use the project to start automobile production in Ukraine and the Lutsk Mechanical Plant (LUMZ) became an enterprise focused on military needs. Until that time, the plant was engaged in the repair of tractors, then manufactured specialized rolling stock - mobile workshops, truck shops, refrigerated vans. By 1960, a prototype of the future transporter, NAMI-032C, was ready. The production of the front end conveyor LuAZ-967M was mastered in 1975 and continued until 1991.
The LuAZ-967M floating off-road vehicle-transporter was used by the medical service as a front-line transporter for the evacuation of the wounded, and was also used to mechanize auxiliary transport operations. The open all-metal waterproof car body with a removable awning has a folding tailgate and a windshield frame. The hood is mounted on special front hinges, which allow it to be removed from the car when the hood is raised by 90 degrees. In the closed position, the hood is fastened to the body with fasteners located on the side walls. In the upper front part of the hood there is an air intake hatch for cooling the engine, and on the side walls of the hood there are openings for exhausting hot air. The tailgate in the folded-down position can be held horizontally by chains. To prevent the ingress of water when overcoming water obstacles, a rubber seal is installed along the entire contour of the board. The steering and driver's seat are centered on the vehicle.
Two semi-soft passenger seats, located on the sides and slightly in front of the driver's seat, can be folded into the body floor openings and in the folded position form a loading platform floor. To overcome sticky areas, trenches and other obstacles on the outer sidewalls of the car, quick-release ladders are hung on special brackets, which, in a fixed raised position, increase the height of the sides. To install ladders along the track width of the car, there are two arcs, which are threaded into the hinge hinges and are fixed with spring rings. On the sides of the body there are also places for attaching a sapper shovel and an ax. The awning to cover the car is a parking quick-detachable, has an arc that is installed on the back of the driver's seat. The 6ST-45EM storage battery is installed under the body floor cover to the right behind the driver's seat. The frame of the windshield is hinged and in the raised position is secured with two spacers, and in the folded position it fits on the hood.
The power unit is a structure that includes an engine, clutch, gearbox with main gear and differential. The power unit, complete with a drive shaft and a rear axle gearbox, is attached to the frame at three points: two engine attachment points, one point - the rear axle attachment. Engine - V-shaped, 4-cylinder, four-stroke, carburetor, overhead valve, MeMZ-967A model with a balancing mechanism. The balancer mechanism with counterweights fixed to it is located inside the camshaft. The working volume of the engine is 1197 cc, the compression ratio is 7, 2, the power is 37 hp. at 4100-4300 rpm. The engine is cooled by air, from an axial exhaust fan located in the collapse of the cylinders. A centrifugal oil cleaner is installed at the front end of the crankshaft. The oil separator cover is used simultaneously as a fan drive pulley and a winch. The engine lubrication system includes the main and additional oil coolers of air cooling, connected in parallel. The main radiator is located on the engine in the collapse of the cylinders. The generator is installed inside the engine cooling fan and has a common drive with the fan. A preheating unit is used to start the engine at low temperatures. To start the engine in the cold season in those cases when the heating time is limited, the 5PP-40A starter with capsules filled with flammable Arktika liquid is intended.
The clutch is dry, single-disc, with cylindrical springs located along the periphery, with a hydraulic shut-off drive. The five-speed gearbox consists of a four-speed main gearbox and a reduction gear housed in a separate crankcase attached to the gearbox housing through an adapter plate. The downshift is engaged only after engaging the rear axle. The main drive axle is front, rear with a differential lock - switchable. The main gear of the front drive axle is located in the gearbox. The torque from the gearbox to the rear axle gearbox is transmitted through the drive shaft located in the casing, which rigidly connects the power unit and the rear axle gearbox. Compensating couplings are installed at the ends of the drive shaft, and the shaft itself rotates in oil.
To increase the ground clearance and thereby increase the cross-country ability of the vehicle, wheel gears are used. Wheel reducers are gear-type, single-stage, with external gearing, located in the wheel disks. The torque from the axle shafts to the wheel gears is transmitted through the cardan joint. Car suspension - independent, torsion bar with longitudinal levers; equipped with four double-acting telescopic hydraulic shock absorbers.
Brakes - drum, with separate hydraulic drive to the front and rear wheels. The cable-operated parking brake acts on the rear pads.
The 34L fuel tank is located under the floor at the rear of the vehicle. The used fuel is A-76 gasoline. The muffler, which has a guard, is attached to the front of the vehicle underbody. The spare wheel is fixed to the floor of the body behind the driver's seat.
To evacuate the wounded from the battlefield, a winch is installed in the front of the vehicle, designed to pull the wounded on a drag to the vehicle. The winch is driven from the crankshaft pulley by two V-belts. The unwinding of the cable from the winch drum is done manually by a porter-orderly. When winding, the winch cable is laid on the drum by a cable layer. The maximum effort on the winch cable is 200 kgf. The length of the cable is 100 m. When transporting the wounded, two stretchers are installed along the sides. The soft bedding for transporting the wounded is made of foam rubber and sheathed with canvas canvas. If necessary, the mat unfolds on the floor. Its dimensions correspond to the floor area. A drinking water tank with a capacity of 3 liters is installed in the socket on the left side of the body (can be replaced with a 10 liter canister). To care for the seriously wounded, a sippy cup is provided in the conveyor kit. In the spare parts kit, under the left retractable seat, two safety belts are stored, designed to fix the wounded to the stretcher. The porter orderly sits in the back using a rolled up mat or awning. To reduce the overall height of the conveyor, the windshield frame is lowered onto the hood, and the design of the driver's seat and steering column allows the driver-nurse to drive the car in a prone position at a minimum steady speed, while braking with the parking brake. When performing medical and sanitary work to service the troops or the population, the car must have the identification marks "Red Cross" (one on each side and on the windshield).
On roads with dry and hard ground, the vehicle can be used for working with a single-axle trailer with a total mass of up to 300 kg (without brakes), which has a towing hitch of the pivot-loop type. The LuAZ-967M transporter vehicle is capable of overcoming water obstacles up to 450 mm deep with a solid bottom, moving along the bottom on wheels, more than 450 mm afloat. Driving afloat at a speed of up to 4 km / h occurs due to the rotation of the wheels when the second gear is engaged. The direction of travel is changed by turning the front wheels. To pump water from the body, a pump with a capacity of at least 25 cm3 / sec is installed in the engine compartment, and six drain plugs are located in the bottom of the body.
Brief technical characteristics of the LuAZ-967M conveyor vehicle:
Wheel formula - 4X4
Payload - 300 kg + driver (100 kg)
Curb weight - 950 kg
Full weight - 1 350 kg
Maximum speed - 75 km / h
The smallest turning radius with the rear axle disabled on the track of the front outer wheel - 5 m
Length - 3 682 mm
Width: along the body - 1,500 mm, along the hinged ladders - 1,712 mm
Height: with the windshield frame raised - 1 600 mm, with the frame lowered - 1 230 mm
Base - 1 800 mm
Ground clearance - 285 mm
Track - 1 325/1 320 mm
Entry angle - 33 degrees
Departure angle - 36 degrees
Loading height - 800 mm
Steering mechanism type - globoidal worm with a two-ridge roller
Tires - low pressure, with cross-country tread 150-330 (5, 90-13), model IV-167
Of course, all of these cars have their own rich history and interesting technical features, and people who preserve and restore automotive history deserve everyone's respect.
