Tank T-34-85 mod. 1960 was an improved T-34-85 mod. 1944 during the Great Patriotic War, developed in the design bureau of the plant No. 112 "Krasnoe Sormovo" in Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod) under the leadership of the chief designer of the plant V. V. Krylov in January 1944. The technical documentation for the vehicle was subsequently approved by the head plant No. 183 in Nizhny Tagil (chief designer A. Morozov). The tank was adopted by the Red Army by GKO decree # 5020 of January 23, 1944 and was produced at factories # 183, # 112 "Krasnoe Sormovo" and # 174 in Omsk from March 1944 to December 1946. In the post-war period, industrial plants released 5,742 tanks164.
In 1947 the machine was given the factory designation "Object 135", and in the 1950s. it has repeatedly undergone modernization, which was carried out at the overhaul factories of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Modernization measures (aimed at improving the indicators of combat and technical characteristics, increasing the reliability of the components and assemblies of the tank, the convenience of its maintenance), on the instructions of the GBTU, were developed by the CEZ No. 1 and VNII-100. The final development of the drawing and technical documentation for the modernization, which was approved in 1960, was carried out by the design bureau of plant No. 183 in Nizhny Tagil under the leadership of the chief designer L. N. Kartseva.
Tank T-34-85 mod. 1960 had a classic general layout scheme with a crew of five and the placement of internal equipment in four compartments: control, combat, engine and transmission. Armored hull, turret, armament, power plant, transmission and chassis compared to the T-34-85 mod. 1944 did not undergo significant changes.
The control department housed the workplaces of the driver (left) and machine gunner (right), tank controls, a DTM machine gun in a ball mount, instrumentation, two compressed air cylinders, two hand-held fire extinguishers, a TPU apparatus, and part of the ammunition and spare parts. The landing and exit of the driver was carried out through a hatch located in the upper frontal sheet of the hull and closed by an armored cover. The driver's hatch cover had two viewing devices installed to increase the horizontal viewing angle at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the hatch with a turn towards the sides of the hull.
Tank T-34-85 mod. 1960 g.
Combat weight - 32 tons; crew - 5 people; weapons: gun - 85 mm rifled, 2 machine guns - 7, 62 mm; armor protection - anti-cannon; engine power 368 kW (500 hp); the maximum speed on the highway is 60 km / h.
Longitudinal section of the T-34-85 tank, 1956
The commander's turret of the T-34-85 tank with the installation of the MK-4 observation device (above) and TPK-1 (below) and the installation of a BVN night vision device by the driver of the T-34-85 tank mod. 1960 g.
The tank control compartment and the fighting compartment of the T-34-85 mod. 1960 g.
When driving at night, a BVN night vision device was installed at the driver from 1959 to monitor the road and the terrain. In addition to the device itself, its kit included a high-voltage power supply, an FG-100 headlight with an infrared filter and spare parts. In the inoperative position, the BVN device and a set of spare parts for the device were stored in a stowage box, which was located on the first ammunition box behind the driver's seat. An additional optical element with an infrared filter was mounted on a bracket in the bow of the hull. When used, the BVN device was mounted in a removable bracket mounted on the brackets welded to the upper frontal sheet on the right side of the driver's hatch (the driver's hatch cover was in the open position). The power supply unit of the device was located on a bracket on the left side inside the tank, the FG-100 headlight with an infrared filter was on the right side of the hull. An optical element with a blackout attachment was removed from the left headlight of the FG-102, and an optical element with an infrared filter was used instead.
At the bottom of the control compartment, in front of the machine gunner's seat, there was a spare hatch, which was closed by an armored cover that folded down (on one hinge).
The fighting compartment, which occupied the middle part of the tank hull and the inner volume of the turret, housed the tank's armament with sights and aiming mechanisms, observation devices, part of the ammunition, communications and workplaces, to the left of the gun - the gunner and tank commander, to the right - the loader. Above the commander's seat on the roof of the tower was a non-rotating commander's turret, in the side walls of which there were five viewing slots with protective glasses, which provided him with an all-round view, and an entrance hatch that was covered by an armored cover. Until 1960, a periscopic observation device MK-4 was installed in the rotary base of the commander's hatch, instead of which the viewing device TPK-1 or TPKU-2B165 was then used. One MK-4 rotary periscope device was installed above the loader and gunner's workplaces in the turret roof. In addition to the entrance hatch in the commander's cupola, for the landing of the crew located in the turret, a hatch was used on the right side of the turret roof above the loader's workplace. The hatch was closed by a hinged (on one hinge) armored cover.
Installation of an 85 mm ZIS-S-53 cannon with a DTM coaxial machine gun in the turret of a T-34-85 mod. 1960 year
Turning mechanism and turret stopper, installation of a frontal machine gun DTM of the T-34-85 tank model 1960
Since 1955, in the fighting compartment at the left side of the tank, a boiler for an injector heater was installed, which was included in the engine cooling system.
The engine compartment was located behind the fighting compartment and was separated from it by a removable partition. It housed an engine, two radiators and four batteries. When installing the heater, a cutout was made in the upper removable and left-hand non-removable sheets of the partition for access to the heater blower, which was covered with a casing, and in the door of the side sheet there was a window for the heater pipes.
The transmission compartment was located in the rear of the hull and was separated from the engine compartment by a partition. It installed the main clutch with a centrifugal fan and other transmission units, as well as an electric starter, fuel tanks and air cleaners. The main weapon of the tank was the 85-mm ZIS-S-53 tank gun with a vertical wedge gate with a semiautomatic mechanical (copy) type. The barrel length was 54.6 caliber, the height of the line of fire was 2020 mm. The 7.62 mm DTM machine gun was paired with the cannon. The guidance of the paired installation in the vertical plane was carried out using a sector-type lifting mechanism in the range from -5 ° to + 22 °. The inaccessible space when firing a cannon and a coaxial machine gun was 23 m. To protect the lifting mechanism from dynamic loads during a march inside the tower, to the left of the gun, a stopper for the stowed position of the gun was placed on the bracket, which ensured the fixation of the gun in two positions: at an elevation angle 0 and 16 °.
For aiming the paired installation in the horizontal plane, the BCH, located in the tower on the left side of the gunner's seat, served. The design of the MPB provided turret rotation using both manual and electric motor drives. When using an electric motor drive, in which an MB-20B electric motor with a power of 1.35 kW was used, the turret was rotated at two different speeds in both directions, while the maximum speed reached 30 deg / s.
On some machines of the last year of production, instead of a two-speed electric drive for turning the turret, a new electric drive KR-31 with command control was used. This drive ensured the rotation of the turret both from the gunner's seat and from the tank commander's seat. The turret was rotated by the gunner using the KR-31 rheostat controller. In this case, the direction of rotation of the tower corresponded to the deviation of the handle of the rheostat controller to the left or right from the initial position. The speed of rotation depended on the angle of inclination of the controller handle from the initial position and varied over a wide range - from 2-2.5 to 24-26 degrees / s. The tank commander rotated the turret using the command control system (target designation) by pressing a button mounted in the left handle of the commander's viewing device. The transfer of the tower took place along the shortest path until the axis of the cannon bore aligned with the line of sight of the viewing device at a constant speed of 20-24 deg / s. Stopping the tower in the stowed position was carried out by a tower stopper, which was mounted on the right side (next to the loader's seat) in one of the grips of the tower ball bearing.
The TSh-16 tank telescopic articulated sight was used to conduct aimed fire from a cannon and a coaxial machine gun, adjust fire, determine the range to targets and monitor the battlefield. The maximum aiming range of the cannon was 5200 m, from the coaxial machine gun - 1500 m. To prevent fogging of the protective glass of the sight, there was an electric heater. When firing from a cannon from closed firing positions, a side level was used, which was attached to the left shield of the cannon's enclosure, and a tower protractor (the protractor indicator was attached to the upper chase of the tower support to the left of the gunner's seat). The greatest firing range of the cannon reached 13800 m.
The trigger mechanism of the gun consisted of both an electric trigger and a mechanical (manual) trigger. The electric release lever was located on the handle of the handwheel of the lifting mechanism, and the manual release lever was located on the left shield of the gun guard. Firing from a coaxial machine gun was carried out using the same electric trigger. The inclusion (switching) of the electric triggers was carried out using toggle switches on the gunner's electric trigger panel.
The second 7.62 mm DTM machine gun was mounted in a ball mount, located on the right side of the upper frontal sheet of the tank hull. The machine gun mount provided horizontal firing angles in the 12 ° sector and vertical guidance angles from -6 to + 16 °. When firing from a machine gun, a telescopic optical sight PPU-8T was used. The inimitable space when firing from a frontal machine gun was 13 m.
Stowage of ammunition in the T-34-85 tank mod. 1960 g.
The ammunition load of the tank until 1949 included from 55 to 60 rounds166 for the cannon and 1890 cartridges (30 disks) for the DTM machine guns. In addition, one 7.62 mm PPSh submachine gun with an ammunition load of 300 rounds (four disks), 20 F-1 hand grenades and 36 signal flares were stored in the fighting compartment. In the period 1949-1956. the ammunition load for the gun remained unchanged, instead of the PPSh, a 7.62-mm AK-47 assault rifle with 300 rounds of ammunition (ten magazines) was introduced, and instead of signal flares, a 26-mm signal pistol with 20 signal cartridges was introduced.
The main rack stowage for 16 shots (in some tanks - 12 shots) was located in the turret niche, the clamp stowage for nine shots was located: on board the hull (four shots), in the fighting compartment at the corners of the partition 167 (three shots), on the right in front of the fighting compartments (two shots), the remaining 35 shots (34 shots in some tanks) were stored in six boxes on the bottom of the fighting compartment. Discs for DTM machine guns were located in special slots: 15 pcs.- on the front front plate in front of the machine gunner's seat, 7 pcs. - to the right of the machine gunner's seat at the starboard side of the hull, 5 pcs. - on the bottom of the body to the left of the driver's seat and 4 pcs. - on the right wall of the tower in front of the loader's seat. F-1 hand grenades were in stowage nests, on the left side168, next to them were fuses in bags.
For firing from the cannon, unitary shots were used with the BR-365 armor-piercing tracer round with a ballistic tip and a sharp-headed BR-365K projectile, with the BR-365P subcaliber armor-piercing tracer projectile, as well as with a full-body fragmentation full-body grenade with an O-365K grenade and O-365K … The initial velocity of the armor-piercing tracer was 895 m / s, the fragmentation grenade - 900 m / s with a full charge and 600 m / s with a reduced charge. The range of a direct shot with an armor-piercing projectile was 900-950 m, a subcaliber armor-piercing tracer - 1100 m (with a target height of 2 m).
In 1956, the ammunition load for the gun was increased to 60 rounds (of which: 39 pieces with a high-explosive fragmentation projectile, 15 pieces with an armor-piercing tracer projectile and 6 pieces with an armor-piercing tracer projectile), and for machine guns DTM - up to 2750 rounds, of which 1953 pcs. were in 31 discs, and the rest were in the capping.
In 1960, the ammunition for the cannon was reduced to 55 rounds for the cannon and 1,890 rounds for the DTM machine guns. In the rack stacking in the turret niche there were 12 shots (with the O-365K), eight shots were mounted in clamp stowage: on the right side of the turret (4 pcs. From the BR-365 or BR-365K), in the control compartment at the starboard side of the hull (2 units with BR-365P) and in the rear right corner of the fighting compartment (2 units with BR-365P). The remaining 35 rounds (24 of them with the O-365K, 10 with the BR-365 or BR-365K and 1 pc. With the BR-365P) were placed in six boxes on the bottom of the fighting compartment. The packing of cartridges for DTM machine guns and F-1 hand grenades has not changed. Cartridges for the AK-47 assault rifle in the amount of 180 pieces, equipped in six magazines, were located: five magazines in a special bag on the right side of the tower and one magazine in a special pocket on the case of the assault rifle. The remaining 120 cartridges in a standard capping were placed in the tank at the discretion of the crew. Signal cartridges in the amount of 6 pcs. were in a special bag (under a holster with a signal pistol), on the left side of the tower to the left of the TSh sight, the remaining 14 pcs. - in the capping, in the fighting compartment in free places at the discretion of the crew.
Armor protection of the tank - differentiated, projectile. The design of the hull and turret of the tank compared to the T-34-85 mod. 1944 remained unchanged. The tank hull was welded from cast and rolled armor 20 and 45 mm thick with separate bolted connections.
The body of the T-34-85 tank mod. 1960 g.
The bottom of the hull of the T-34-85 mod. 1960 g.
The turret of the T-34-85 tank mod. 1960 with improved ventilation system (longitudinal section).
The cast turret with a welded-in roof, mounted on the tank hull on a ball bearing, had a maximum frontal thickness of 75 mm for vehicles produced before August 7, 1944, or 90 mm for later production vehicles. The tanks of the post-war production were equipped with turrets with an improved ventilation system169 of the fighting compartment. The installation of two exhaust fans, located in the aft part of the tower roof, was spaced apart. At the same time, one of the fans, installed in the front part of the roof (above the cut of the breech of the gun), worked as an exhaust fan, and the second, which remained in the same place, as an injection fan, which made it possible to carry out a more efficient blowing of the fighting compartment with the elimination of the passage of powder gases through the working crew seats.
To set up a smoke screen, two smoke bombs BDSH-5 with an electric ignition system from the tank commander's seat and a release mechanism were installed on the upper aft sheet of the vehicle body. In the stowed position (when two additional barrels of fuel were installed on the tank, mounted on the upper stern plate on special brackets), smoke bombs were attached to the upper left side plate, in front of an additional tank with oil (a third additional fuel tank with a capacity of 90 l).
During the overhaul, instead of the V-2-34 engine, a B2-34M or V34M-11 diesel engine with a capacity of 368 kW (500 hp) was installed at a crankshaft speed of 1800 min-1. The engine was started using an 11 kW (15 hp) CT-700 electric starter (main method) or compressed air (spare method) from two ten-liter air cylinders. To facilitate starting the engine at low ambient temperatures, since 1955, a nozzle heater with a water tube boiler, included in the cooling system, has been used, as well as a heater for heating the air entering the engine cylinders. The heater pump assembly was attached to a bracket to the bulkhead of the engine compartment. The heating system, in addition to the nozzle heater, included radiators for heating oil in the right and left oil tanks, pipelines and electrical equipment (glow plugs and electrical wires). The heating system provided preparation of the engine for start-up by heating the coolant and part of the oil in the oil tanks. In addition, since 1957, in order to facilitate starting the engine at low ambient temperatures, an additional device was used, which was intended to remove frozen oil from the oil line supplying oil to the injection section of the oil pump170.
Tank T-34-85 mod. 1960. On the left side of the hull, the mountings of smoke bombs BDSH-5 in a marching manner are clearly visible.
Fuel system of the T-34-85 tank engine. 1960 g.
The fuel system consisted of eight fuel tanks located inside the tank hull and combined into three groups: a group of right side tanks, a group of left side tanks and a group of feed tanks. The total capacity of all internal fuel tanks is 545 liters. Additionally, two external fuel tanks with a capacity of 90 liters each were installed on the starboard side of the tank. On the upper inclined stern sheet, mountings were provided for two additional fuel tanks with a capacity of 67.5 liters each (instead of smoke bombs). External fuel tanks were not included in the fuel system. A filling (gear) pump was used to fill the fuel tanks of the machine from various containers.
Since 1960, two fuel drums with a capacity of 200 liters each have been attached to the aft inclined sheet, and a drain tank has been introduced into the fuel system. This tank was located on the MTO partition at the starboard side of the hull and served to drain fuel into it (through a special pipeline) from the fuel pump crankcase, which had leaked through the gaps in the plunger pairs. At the same time, a small-sized refueling unit MZA-3 was introduced into the spare parts and accessories of the tank, which in the transport position was stored in a metal box, which was attached from the outside on the left inclined side of the hull.
The tank's cruising range on the highway on the main (internal) fuel tanks reached 300-400 km, on dirt roads - 230-320 km.
Until 1946, the air cleaning system used two Cyclone air cleaners, then Multicyclone, and since 1955 - two VTI-3 air cleaners of a combined type with automatic (ejection) dust removal from the first stage dust collector. Ejectors, providing dust extraction and connected to dust collectors, were mounted in the exhaust pipes of the engine. Each VTI-3 air cleaner consisted of a body, a cyclone apparatus (24 cyclones) with a dust collector, a cover and a casing assembled with three cassettes made of wire gimp. New air cleaners were installed in the transmission compartment in place of the air cleaners of the previous design.
The circulating combined (under pressure and spray) engine lubrication system (MT-16p oil was used) with a dry sump consisted of two oil tanks, a three-section oil gear pump, a Kimaf brand wire-slotted oil filter, a tubular oil cooler, a surge tank, a manual oil pump (since 1955 oil pump MZN-2 with an electric motor drive was used instead), pipelines, pressure gauge and thermometer. Water radiators of the cooling system were located between the oil tanks and the engine on each side. The oil cooler, which served to cool the oil coming out of the engine, was attached to the struts of the left water radiator with two bolts. At low ambient temperatures, the oil cooler was disconnected from the lubrication system using a special pipeline (carried in the spare parts). In this case, oil from the pumping out sections of the oil pump went directly to the surge tank, and then to the tanks.
The total filling capacity of the lubrication system until 1955 was 105 liters, while the filling capacity of each oil tank was 40 liters. With the introduction of a nozzle heater to warm up the oil before starting the engine at low ambient temperatures, special radiators were placed in the oil tanks, which entailed a decrease in the filling capacity of each of the tanks to 38 liters and, accordingly, the total filling capacity of the entire system to 100 liters. In addition, an external 90-liter oil tank was installed on the left side of the tank, not connected to the engine lubrication system.
Placement of electrical devices in the tower and hull of the T-34-85 tank arr. 1960
Engine cooling system - liquid, forced, closed type. The total cooling surface of each radiator core was 53 m2. Until 1955, the capacity of the cooling system was 80 liters. The installation (permanently connected to the cooling system) of a heating system with a nozzle heater increased the capacity of the system to 95 liters. To reduce the time required to prepare the engine for start-up at low ambient temperatures, an additional filler neck was introduced in the cooling system since 1956. The hot liquid poured into this throat entered directly into the heads and further into the outer space of the engine blocks, thereby accelerating its heating.
The units and assemblies of the transmission and running gear during the overhaul did not undergo significant changes. The mechanical transmission of the tank included: a multi-disc main dry friction clutch (steel on steel), a four- or five-speed gearbox171, two multi-plate dry friction side clutches (steel on steel) with band floating brakes with cast iron linings and two single-row gear final drives … In gearboxes manufactured since 1954 and installed in the process of overhaul, the oil drain hole in the lower half of the crankcase was closed with a drain valve. In addition to the oil seal, an oil deflector was additionally introduced between the adapter sleeve and the tapered roller bearing of the gearbox drive shaft. Leakage of lubricant through the main shaft bearings was prevented by the O-rings and an oil deflector.
The design of the side clutches has also undergone minor changes. In the tanks of the last year of production, the separator in the shutdown mechanism was not installed, and the grooves in the shutdown rings were made deeper.
In the chassis of the tank, an individual spring suspension was used, the nodes of which were located inside the tank hull. The suspension of the first road roller (in relation to one side), located in the control compartment, was fenced with a special shield, the suspension of the second, third, fourth and fifth road wheels was located obliquely in special mines.
The caterpillar propeller had two large-link tracks, ten road wheels with external shock absorption, two idler wheels with track tensioning mechanisms and two drive wheels with ridge engagement with tracks. The machine could be equipped with two types of road wheels: with stamped or cast disks with external massive rubber tires, as well as rollers of the T-54A tank with box-type disks.
The electrical equipment of the machine was made according to a single-wire circuit (emergency lighting - two-wire). The voltage of the on-board network was 24-29 V (starter circuit with a starting relay and MPB) and 12 V (other consumers). The main source of electricity until 1949served as a generator GT-4563 with a relay-regulator RRA-24F, then a generator G-731 with a power of 1.5 kW with a relay-regulator RRT-30, and auxiliary - four storage batteries: 6STE-128 (used until 1949), 6MST -140 (until 1955) and 6STEN-140M, connected in series-parallel with each other, with a total capacity of 256 and 280 Ah, respectively.
Placement of spare parts inside and outside (below) of the T-34-85 tank, 1956
Placement of spare parts inside and outside (bottom) of the T-34-85 mod. 1960 g.
Until 1956, a vibration electric signal VG-4 was installed on the bracket in the front part of the left inclined side of the hull behind the outdoor headlight, which was then replaced with the C-56 signal, and since 1960 - with the C-58 signal. Since 1959, a second headlight for outdoor lighting (with an infrared filter - FG-100) was mounted on the right side slope of the side plate. At the same time, the headlight FG-12B (left) was replaced by a headlamp with a blackout nozzle FG-102. In addition to the rear marker light GST-64, a similar marker lamp was introduced on the tower, next to which the FG-126 headlight was located since 1965. To connect a portable lamp and a small-sized refueling unit MZN-3, an external plug socket was installed in the rear of the hull.
Until 1952, the 9RS radio station was used for external radio communication in the tank turret, and the TPU-3-Bis-F tank intercom unit was used for internal communication. Since 1952, a 10RT-26E radio station with a TPU-47 tank intercom was used instead. Subsequently, the R-123 radio station and the R-124 tank intercom, as well as an outlet for communication with the commander of the landing, were introduced.
The installation of spare parts has undergone changes both outside and inside the tank.
The command vehicles produced in the post-war period were equipped with RSB-F and 9RS172 radio stations with a TPU-3Bis-F tank intercom. Both radios were powered by standard rechargeable batteries. Their recharging was carried out using an autonomous charging unit, which included an L-3/2 engine. In connection with the installation of an additional radio station with a charging unit, the ammunition load for the gun was reduced to 38 rounds.
Some of the tanks were equipped for the installation of a PT-3 track roller mine sweep.
On the basis of the T-34-85 tank in the post-war years, the T-34T tank tractor, the SPK-5 (SPK-5 / 10M) tank crane and the KT-15 transporter crane were created and mass-produced at the overhaul factories of the USSR Ministry of Defense. In addition, prototypes of SPK-ZA and SPK-10 tank cranes were manufactured on the basis of the T-34-85.
