The Buk (9K37) military anti-aircraft missile system is designed to destroy aerodynamic targets flying at a speed of up to 830 meters per second, at low and medium altitudes, at ranges of up to 30,000 m, maneuvering with overloads of up to 12 units under radio countermeasures. in the future - ballistic missiles "Lance". Development began in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 1972-13-01. it provided for the use of cooperation of manufacturers and developers, in terms of the basic composition corresponding to those previously involved in the creation of the anti-aircraft missile system "Kub". At the same time, they determined the development of the M-22 (Uragan) anti-aircraft missile system for the Navy using an anti-aircraft guided missile, the same as the Buk air defense system.
The NIIP (Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Engineering) NPO (Scientific and Design Association) "Phazotron" (General Director Grishin V. K.) MRP (formerly OKB-15 GKAT) was identified as the developer of the Buk complex as a whole. Chief designer of the 9K37 complex - A. A. Rastov, KP (command post) 9S470 - G. N. Valaev (then - Sokiran V. I.), SDU (self-propelled firing installations) 9A38 - Matyashev V. V., semi-active Doppler seeker 9E50 for anti-aircraft guided missiles - Akopyan I. G.
ROM (launcher) 9A39 was created in MKB (Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Start" MAP (formerly SKB-203 GKAT), the head is Yaskin A. I.
The unified tracked chassis for the machines of the complex was developed by OKB-40 MMZ (Mytishchi Machine Building Plant) of the Ministry of Transport Machine Building under the leadership of N. A. Astrov.
The development of 9M38 missiles was entrusted to the SMKB (Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau) "Novator" MAP (former OKB-8) headed by LV Lyuliev, refusing to involve the design bureau of plant No. 134, which had previously developed a guided missile for the "Cube" complex.
SOTS 9S18 (detection and target designation station) ("Kupol") was developed at NIIIP (Scientific Research Institute of Measuring Instruments) of the Ministry of Radio Industry under the leadership of A. P. Vetoshko. (later - Shchekotova Yu. P.).
Also, a set of technical tools was developed for the complex. provision and service on a car chassis.
The completion of the development of anti-aircraft missile systems was planned for the II quarter of 1975.
But for the earliest possible strengthening of the air defense of the main strike force of the SV - tank divisions - with an increase in the combat capabilities of the Kub anti-aircraft missile regiments included in these divisions by doubling the channelization on targets (and, if possible, ensuring full autonomy of the channels during work from target detection to its destruction), the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 1974-22-05 ordered the creation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system in 2 stages. Initially, it was proposed to rapidly develop an anti-aircraft guided missile and a self-propelled firing unit of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, capable of launching 9M38 missiles and 3M9M3 missiles of the Kub-M3 complex. On this base, with the use of other means of the "Kub-M3" complex, the Buk-1 (9K37-1) anti-aircraft missile system was to be created, and in September 1974, its output for joint tests was to be ensured. At the same time, the previously prescribed terms and volumes of work on the Buk air defense missile system in full specified composition were retained.
For the Buk-1 complex, it was envisaged that each anti-aircraft missile battery (5 pcs.) Of the Kub-M3 regiment, in addition to one SURN and 4 self-propelled launchers, included a 9A38 self-propelled firing unit from the Buk missile system. Thus, thanks to the use of a self-propelled firing unit, the cost of which was about 30% of the cost of the rest of the battery, the number of combat-ready anti-aircraft guided missiles in the Cub-M3 regiment increased from 60 to 75, and target channels - from 5 to 10.
The 9A38 self-propelled gun mount, mounted on the GM-569 chassis, seemed to combine the functions of the SURN and the self-propelled launcher used as part of the Kub-M3 complex. The 9A38 self-propelled firing unit provided search in the established sector, detected and locked targets for automatic tracking, prelaunch tasks were solved, the launch and homing of 3 missiles (3M9M3 or 9M38) located on it, as well as 3 3M9M3 guided missiles located on the 2P25M3 self-propelled launcher, associated with it. The combat work of the firing launcher was carried out both autonomously and under control and target designation from the SURN.
Self-propelled gun mount 9A38 consisted of:
- digital computing system;
- radar 9S35;
- a starting device equipped with a power tracking drive;
- television optical sight;
- ground radar interrogator operating in the "Password" identification system;
- equipment for telecode communication with RMS;
- equipment for wire communication with SPU;
- autonomous power supply systems (gas turbine generator);
- equipment for navigation, topographic referencing and orientation;
- life support systems.
The weight of the self-propelled firing unit, including the mass of the four-man combat crew, was 34,000 kg.
The progress that has been achieved in the creation of microwave devices, electromechanical and quartz filters, digital computers, made it possible to combine the functions of detection, illumination and target tracking stations in the 9S35 radar station. The station operated in the centimeter wavelength range, it used a single antenna and two transmitters - continuous and pulsed radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and automatically track a target in a quasi-continuous radiation mode or, in case of difficulties with unambiguous determination of range, in a pulsed mode with pulse compression (chirp is used). The CW transmitter was used to illuminate the target and anti-aircraft guided missiles. The antenna system of the station carried out a sector search by an electromechanical method, the target was tracked in range and angular coordinates by a monopulse method, and the signals were processed by a digital computer. The width of the antenna pattern of the target tracking channel in azimuth was 1, 3 degrees and in elevation - 2.5 degrees, the illumination channel - in azimuth - 1, 4 degrees and in elevation - 2, 65 degrees. The search sector survey time (in elevation - 6-7 degrees, in azimuth - 120 degrees) in autonomous mode - 4 seconds, in control mode (in elevation - 7 degrees, in azimuth - 10 degrees) - 2 seconds. The average transmitter power of the target detection and tracking channel was equal to: in the case of using quasi-continuous signals - at least 1 kW, in the case of using signals with linear-frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target illumination transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise figure of direction finding and survey receivers of the station is no more than 10 dB. The transition time of the radar station between standby and combat modes was less than 20 seconds. The station could unambiguously determine the speed of targets with an accuracy of -20 to +10 m / s; provide selection of moving targets. The maximum error in range is 175 meters, the root-mean-square error in measuring the angular coordinates is 0.5 d.u. The radar was protected from passive, active and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled firing unit provided blocking of the launch of an anti-aircraft guided missile while escorting its helicopter or aircraft.
The 9A38 self-propelled gun mount was equipped with a launcher with interchangeable guides designed for 3 3M9M3 guided missiles or 3 9M38 guided missiles.
In the 9M38 anti-aircraft missile, a dual-mode solid-propellant engine was used (the total operating time was about 15 seconds). The use of a ramjet engine was abandoned not only due to the high resistance in the passive sections of the trajectory and the instability of operation at a high angle of attack, but also because of the complexity of its development, which largely determined the failure to create the Cube air defense system. The power structure of the engine chamber was made of metal.
The general scheme of the anti-aircraft missile is X-shaped, normal, with a low aspect ratio wing. The appearance of the missile resembled the American-made Standard and Tartar anti-aircraft missiles. This corresponded to the strict size restrictions when using 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles in the M-22 complex, which was developed for the USSR Navy.
The rocket was carried out according to the normal scheme and had a low aspect ratio wing. In the front part, a semi-active GMN, autopilot equipment, food and a warhead are sequentially placed. To reduce the centering spread over the flight time, the solid propellant rocket combustion chamber was placed closer to the middle, and the nozzle block was equipped with an elongated gas duct, around which the steering drive elements are located. The rocket has no parts separating in flight. The rocket had a diameter of 400 mm, a length of 5.5 m, and a rudder span of 860 mm.
The diameter of the front compartment (330 mm) of the rocket was smaller in relation to the tail compartment and the engine, which is determined by the continuity of some elements with the 3M9 family. The rocket was equipped with a new seeker with a combined control system. The complex implemented the homing of an anti-aircraft guided missile using the proportional navigation method.
The 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile ensured the destruction of targets at altitudes from 25 to 20 thousand meters at a distance of 3.5 to 32 km. The missile's flight speed was 1000 m / s and maneuvered with overloads of up to 19 units.
The rocket weighs 685 kg, including a 70-kg warhead.
The design of the rocket ensured its delivery to the troops in a finally equipped form in a 9Ya266 transport container, as well as operation without routine maintenance and inspections for 10 years.
From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 anti-aircraft missile system consisting of 1S91M3 SURN, 9A38 self-propelled firing unit, 2P25M3 self-propelled launchers, 9M38 and 3M9M3 anti-aircraft missiles, as well as MTO (maintenance vehicles) 9V881 passed state. tests at the Embensky test site (head of the test site Vashchenko B. I.) under the leadership of a commission headed by Bimbash P. S.
As a result of the tests, the detection range of aircraft was obtained by a radar station of a self-propelled firing installation operating in an autonomous mode at altitudes of more than 3 thousand m - from 65 to 77 km, at low altitudes (from 30 to 100 meters) the detection range was reduced to 32-41 kilometers. Detection of helicopters at low altitudes occurred at a distance of 21-35 km. When operating in a centralized mode, due to the limited capabilities of the SURN 1S91M2 issuing target designation, the detection range of aircraft at altitudes of 3-7 km was reduced to 44 kilometers and targets at low altitudes - to 21-28 km. In the autonomous mode, the operating time of the self-propelled firing unit (from the moment the target was detected to the launch of the guided missile) was 24-27 seconds. The loading / unloading time of three 9M38 or 3M9M3 anti-aircraft guided missiles was 9 minutes.
When firing the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile, the defeat of an aircraft flying at altitudes of more than 3 thousand meters was ensured at a distance of 3, 4-20, 5 kilometers, at an altitude of 30 meters - 5-15, 4 kilometers. The affected area in height is from 30 meters to 14 kilometers, according to the course parameter - 18 kilometers. The probability of hitting an aircraft with one 9M38 guided missile is 0.70-0.93.
The complex was adopted in 1978. Since the 9A38 self-propelled launcher and the 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missile were means complementary to the Kub-M3 anti-aircraft missile system, the complex was given the name Kub-M4 (2K12M4).
Self-propelled firing installations 9A38 were produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant MRP, and the 9M38 anti-aircraft missiles were produced by the Dolgoprudnensk Machine-Building Plant MAP, which previously produced 3M9 missiles.
Complexes "Kub-M4", which appeared in the air defense forces of the Ground Forces, made it possible to significantly increase the effectiveness of the air defense of the armored divisions of the Army of the SA.
Joint tests of the Buk air defense missile system in the full specified composition of funds took place from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Embensky test site (chief VV Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by Yu. N. Pervov.
The combat assets of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system had the following characteristics.
The 9S470 command post mounted on the GM-579 chassis provided reception, display and processing of target data coming from the 9S18 station (detection and target designation station) and 6 self-propelled firing units 9A310, as well as from higher command posts; selection of dangerous targets and their distribution between self-propelled firing installations in automatic and manual modes, assigning their sectors of responsibility, displaying information about the presence of anti-aircraft guided missiles on firing and launch-loading installations, about the letters of the transmitters of illumination of firing installations, about working on targets, about the mode work of the station of detection and target designation; organization of the complex operation in case of interference and the use of anti-radar missiles; documenting the training and the work of calculating the CP. The command post processed messages about 46 targets located at altitudes up to 20 thousand meters in a zone with a radius of 100 thousand meters per cycle of the station's survey and issued up to 6 target designations for self-propelled firing installations (accuracy in elevation and azimuth - 1 degree, in range - 400-700 meters). The mass of the command post, including a combat crew of 6 people, is not more than 28 tons.
Coherent-pulse three-coordinate station for detection and target designation "Kupol" (9С18) centimeter range with electronic scanning of the beam in elevation in the sector (set at 30 or 40 degrees) with mechanical (in a given sector or circular) rotation of the antenna in azimuth (using a hydraulic drive or electric drive). Station 9S18 was designed to detect and identify air targets at ranges of up to 110-120 kilometers (at an altitude of 30 meters - 45 kilometers) and transmit information about the air situation to the 9S470 command post.
Depending on the presence of interference and the established sector in elevation, the speed of the space survey during the circular survey was 4.5 - 18 seconds and during the survey in the 30-degree sector it was 2, 5 - 4.5 seconds. Radar information was transmitted to the 9C470 command post via a telecode line in the amount of 75 marks during the review period (was 4.5 seconds). RMS errors in measuring the coordinates of targets: in elevation and azimuth - no more than 20 ', in range - no more than 130 meters, resolution in elevation and azimuth - 4 degrees, in range - no more than 300 meters.
To provide protection against aiming interference, we used the tuning of the carrier frequency between pulses, from response interference - the same plus blanking of range intervals along the automatic pickup channel, from asynchronous impulse noise - blanking of range sections and changing the slope of the linear-frequency modulation. The station for detection and target designation with noise barrage interference of self-cover and external cover of specified levels ensured the detection of a fighter at ranges of at least 50 thousand meters. The station provided targeting with a probability of at least 0.5 against the background of passive interference and local objects using a moving target selection scheme with automatic compensation of wind speeds. The detection and targeting station was protected from proto-radar missiles by programmed tuning of the carrier frequency in 1, 3 seconds, switching to circular polarization of the sounding signal or to blinking mode (intermittent radiation).
Station 9S18 consisted of an antenna post, consisting of a reflector with a truncated parabolic profile and an irradiator in the form of a waveguide ruler (it provided electronic scanning of the beam in the elevation plane), a rotary device, an antenna addition device; transmitting device (average power 3.5 kW); receiving device (noise figure up to 8) and other systems.
All station equipment was housed on a modified ob. 124 self-propelled chassis of the SU-100P family. The tracked base of the detection and target designation station differed from the chassis of other means of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system, since the Kupol radar was initially set to develop outside the anti-aircraft complex - as a means of detecting the divisional link of the air defense of the Ground Forces.
The time for transferring the station between the stowed and combat positions was up to 5 minutes, and from standby to operating mode - about 20 seconds. The mass of the station (including a calculation of 3 people) is up to 28, 5 tons.
In terms of its structure and purpose, the 9A310 self-propelled firing unit from the 9A38 self-propelled firing unit of the Kub-M4 (Buk-1) anti-aircraft missile system was distinguished by the fact that it communicated with the command line not with the 1S91M3 SURN and the 2P25M3 self-propelled paragraph 9C470 and ROM 9A39. Also, on the launcher of the 9A310 installation there were not three, but four 9M38 anti-aircraft guided missiles. The time for transferring the installation from the traveling to the firing position was less than 5 minutes. The time to transfer from standby to operating mode, in particular, after changing position with the equipment turned on, was up to 20 seconds. The 9A310 firing launcher was loaded with four anti-aircraft guided missiles from the launcher and loader in 12 minutes, and from the transport vehicle - 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled firing unit, including a combat crew of 4 people, was 32.4 tons.
The length of the self-propelled gun mount is 9.3 meters, the width is 3.25 meters (in the working position - 9.03 meters), the height is 3.8 meters (7.72 meters).
The 9A39 launcher mounted on the GM-577 chassis was intended for the transportation and storage of eight anti-aircraft guided missiles (on the launcher - 4, on fixed cradles - 4), launching 4 guided missiles, self-loading its launcher with four missiles from the cradles, self-loading 8- yu SAM from a transport vehicle (loading time 26 minutes), from soil cradles and transport containers, discharge and on the launcher of a self-propelled firing unit with 4 anti-aircraft guided missiles. Thus, the launcher of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system combined the functions of the TZM and the self-propelled launcher of the Kub complex. The launching and charging unit consisted of a starting device with a tracking power drive, a crane, cradles, a digital computer, equipment for topographic referencing, navigation, telecode communication, orientation, power supply and power supply units. The mass of the installation, including a combat crew of 3 people, is 35.5 tons.
Dimensions of the launcher: length - 9, 96 meters, width - 3, 316 meters, height - 3, 8 meters.
The command post of the complex received data on the air situation from the command post of the Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade (the Polyana-D4 automated control system) and from the detection and target designation station, processed them and issued instructions to self-propelled firing units that searched for and captured for automatic tracking When the target entered the affected area, anti-aircraft guided missiles were launched. For the guidance of the missiles, the proportional navigation method was used, which ensured high guidance accuracy. When approaching the target, the homing head issued a command to the radio fuse for close cocking. When approaching at a distance of 17 meters, the warhead was detonated on command. If the radio fuse failed, the anti-aircraft guided missile self-destructed. If the target was not hit, a second missile was launched on it.
Compared to the Kub-M3 and Kub-M4 anti-aircraft missile systems, the Buk air defense missile system had higher operational and combat characteristics and provided:
- simultaneous shelling of up to six targets by the division, and, if necessary, the performance of up to 6 independent combat missions in the case of autonomous use of self-propelled firing installations;
- greater reliability of detection due to the organization of a joint survey of space by 6 self-propelled firing installations and a station for detection and target designation;
- increased noise immunity due to the use of a special type of illumination signal and an on-board computer for the homing head;
- greater efficiency of hitting targets due to the increased power of the warhead of the anti-aircraft guided missile.
Based on the results of tests and modeling, it was determined that the Buk anti-aircraft missile system provides firing at non-maneuvering targets that fly at altitudes from 25 meters to 18 kilometers at a speed of up to 800 m / s, at ranges from 3-25 km (at a speed of up to 300 m / s - up to 30 km) with a course parameter of up to 18 kilometers with the probability of hitting one guided missile - 0.7-0.8. When firing at maneuvering targets (overloads up to 8 units), the probability of defeat was 0.6.
Organizationally, Buk anti-aircraft missile systems were reduced to missile brigades, consisting of: a command post (combat control point from the Polyana-D4 automated control system), 4 anti-aircraft missile divisions with their command posts 9S470, a 9S18 detection and targeting station, a platoon communications and three anti-aircraft missile batteries (each with two self-propelled firing units 9A310 and one launcher-loader 9A39), maintenance and support units.
The Buk anti-aircraft missile brigade was controlled from the command post of the army's air defense.
The Buk complex was adopted by the air defense forces of the ground forces in 1980. The Buk complex was mass-produced in the cooperation used for the Kub-M4 air defense system. New means - KP 9S470, self-propelled firing installations 9A310 and detection and target designation stations 9S18 - were produced by the Ulyanovsk mechanical plant MRP, launch-loading units 9A39 - at the Sverdlovsk machine-building plant named after Kalinina MAP.
In accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 1979-30-11, the Buk anti-aircraft missile system was modernized to increase its combat capabilities, the protection of the complex's radio electronic means from anti-radar missiles and interference.
As a result of tests, which were carried out in February-December 1982 at the Embensky test site (chief - V. V. Zubarev) under the leadership of a commission headed by B. M. Gusev, it was found that the upgraded Buk-M1 compared to the anti-aircraft missile system "Buk", provides a large area of destruction of aircraft, can shoot down an ALCM cruise missile with a probability of hitting one guided missile more than 0, 4, helicopters "Hugh-Cobra" - 0, 6-0, 7, hovering helicopters - 0, 3-0, 4 at ranges from 3, 5 to 10 kilometers.
In a self-propelled firing unit, instead of 36, 72 letter illumination frequencies are used, which contributes to an increase in protection against deliberate and mutual interference. The recognition of 3 classes of targets is provided - ballistic missiles, airplanes, helicopters.
Compared to the 9S470 command post, the 9S470M1 KP provides simultaneous reception of data from its own detection and target designation station and about 6 targets from the air defense control center of a tank (motorized rifle) division or from the army air defense command post, as well as comprehensive training of calculations of combat assets of an anti-aircraft missile system.
Compared to the 9A310 self-propelled firing unit, the 9A310M1 launcher provides detection and capture of a target for automatic tracking at long ranges (approximately 25-30 percent), as well as the recognition of ballistic missiles, helicopters and aircraft with a probability of more than 0.6.
The complex uses a more advanced Kupol-M1 (9S18M1) detection and targeting station, which has a flat elevation phased antenna array and a GM-567M self-propelled tracked chassis. The same type of tracked chassis is used at the command post, self-propelled gun mount and launcher.
The detection and targeting station has the following dimensions: length - 9.59 meters, width - 3.25 meters, height - 3.25 meters (in working position - 8.02 meters), weight - 35 tons.
The Buk-M1 complex provides for effective technical and organizational measures to protect against anti-radar missiles.
Combat assets of the Buk-M1 air defense missile system are interchangeable with the same type of weapons of the Buk complex without their modifications. The regular organization of technical units and combat formations is similar to that of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.
The technological equipment of the complex consists of:
- 9V95M1E - machines of an automated control and test mobile station based on ZIL-131 and a trailer;
- 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance vehicles based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9V881E - maintenance vehicle based on Ural-43203-1012;
- 9Т229 - a transport vehicle for 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles (or six containers with guided missiles) based on the KrAZ-255B;
- 9T31M - truck crane;
- MTO-ATG-M1 - maintenance workshop based on ZIL-131.
The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces in 1983, and its serial production was established in cooperation with industrial enterprises that produced the Buk anti-aircraft missile system.
In the same year, the M-22 Uragan anti-aircraft missile system of the Navy, unified with the Buk complex for 9M38 guided missiles, entered service.
Complexes of the Buk family called "Ganges" were proposed to be supplied abroad.
During the Defense 92 exercise, Buk anti-aircraft missile systems successfully fired at targets based on the R-17, Zvezda ballistic missile and the Smerch MLRS missile.
In December 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed an order on further modernization of the Buk air defense system - the creation of an anti-aircraft missile system, which was repeatedly presented at various international exhibitions under the name Ural.
In 1994-1997, the cooperation of enterprises headed by the Tikhonravov Research and Development Institute carried out work on the Buk-M1-2 anti-aircraft missile system. Thanks to the use of the new 9M317 missile and the modernization of other air defense systems, for the first time, it was possible to destroy Lance tactical ballistic missiles and aircraft missiles at a range of up to 20 thousand meters, elements of high-precision weapons and surface ships at a distance of up to 25 thousand meters, and ground targets (large command posts, launchers, airplanes at airfields) at a range of up to 15 thousand meters. The effectiveness of destruction of cruise missiles, helicopters and aircraft has increased. The boundaries of the affected zones in range have increased to 45 kilometers and in height - up to 25 kilometers. The new missile provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar homing head with guidance according to the method of proportional navigation. The rocket had a launch mass of 710-720 kilograms with a warhead mass of 50-70 kilograms.
Outwardly, the new 9M317 rocket differed from the 9M38 in the shorter wing chord length.
In addition to using an improved missile, it was envisaged to introduce a new means into the air defense system - a radar station for target illumination and missile guidance with an antenna installed at a height of up to 22 meters in an operating position (a telescopic device was used). With the introduction of this radar station, the combat capabilities of the air defense system for the destruction of low-flying targets, such as modern cruise missiles, are significantly expanded.
The complex provides for the presence of a command post and two types of firing sections:
- four sections, each including one modernized self-propelled firing unit, carrying four guided missiles and capable of firing at four targets simultaneously, and a launcher-loader with 8 guided missiles;
- two sections, including one illumination and guidance radar station, which is also capable of simultaneously firing at four targets, and two launchers and loaders (eight guided missiles each).
Two variants of the complex were developed - mobile on tracked vehicles GM-569 (used in previous modifications of the Buk air defense missile system), as well as transported by KrAZ vehicles and on road trains with semi-trailers. In the latter version, the cost decreased, but the passability worsened and the deployment time of the anti-aircraft missile system from the march increased from 5 minutes to 10-15.
In particular, the ICB "Start" during the work on the modernization of the "Buk-M" air defense missile system (complexes "Buk-M1-2", "Buk-M2") developed a 9A316 launcher and a 9P619 launcher on a tracked chassis, as well as PU 9A318 on a wheeled chassis.
The process of development of the families of anti-aircraft missile systems "Kub" and "Buk" as a whole is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of military equipment and weapons, providing a continuous increase in the capabilities of the air defense of ground forces at a relatively low cost. This development path, unfortunately, creates the preconditions for gradual technical. lagging behind. For example, even in promising versions of the Buk air defense system, a more reliable and safe scheme of continuous operation of missiles in a transport and launch container, an all-aspect vertical launch of guided missiles, introduced by other second-generation SV anti-aircraft missile systems, did not find application. But, despite this, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of development has to be considered the only possible one, and the choice made by the developers of the complexes of the Buk and Kub families is correct.
For the creation of the Buk anti-aircraft missile system AA Rastov, VK Grishin, IG Akopyan, II Zlatomrezhev, AP Vetoshko, NV Chukalovsky. and others were awarded the USSR State Prize. The development of the Buk-M 1 anti-aircraft missile system was awarded the State Prize of the Russian Federation. The laureates of this prize were Yu. I. Kozlov, V. P. Ektov, Yu. P. Shchekotov, V. D. Chernov, S. V. Solntsev, V. R. Unuchko. and etc.
The main tactical and technical characteristics of anti-aircraft missile systems of the "BUK" type:
Name - "Buk" / "Buk-M1";
The affected area in range - from 3, 5 to 25-30 km / from 3 to 32-35 km;
The affected area in height - from 0, 025 to 18-20 km / from 0, 015 to 20-22 km;
The affected area by parameter - up to 18 / up to 22;
The probability of a fighter being hit by one guided missile is 0, 8..0, 9/0, 8..0, 95;
The probability of a helicopter being hit by one guided missile is 0, 3..0, 6/0, 3..0, 6;
The probability of hitting a cruise missile - 0, 25..0, 5/0, 4..0, 6;
Maximum speed of targets hit - 800 m / s;
Reaction time - 22 sec.;
The flight speed of the anti-aircraft guided missile is 850 m / s;
Rocket weight - 685 kg;
Warhead weight - 70 kg;
Target channel - 2;
Channeling on missiles (to the target) - up to 3;
Deployment / collapse time - 5 minutes;
The number of anti-aircraft guided missiles on a combat vehicle - 4;
The year of introduction into service is 1980/1983.
