Since the mid-1920s. anarchists, like representatives of other political parties and organizations, were deprived of the opportunity to legally operate on the territory of the Soviet Union. Many Russian historians stopped the legal activities of anarchists in the second half of the 1920s. viewed as the end of the existence of the anarchist movement in the Soviet Union. However, studies of such Russian and Ukrainian scientists as S. M. Bykovsky, L. A. Dolzhanskaya, A. V. Dubovik, Ya. V. Leontiev, A. L. Nikitin, D. I. Rublev, devoted to the illegal anarchist movement in the USSR in the 1920s - 1930s, make it possible to refute this conclusion. Based on the study of archival materials, foreign anarchist press, as well as memoirs, it becomes obvious that in the Soviet Union in the 1920s - 1930s. the anarchist movement continued to exist and was quite active.
A clear idea of the degree of activity of the anarchists in the period under study is provided by the documents of the state security agencies. In the OGPU, a special 1st department was created, specializing in the fight against anarchists. Its chief A. F. Rutkovsky reported in a memorandum that in the period from November 1924 to January 1925 "the activity of the anarchists was lively, with a tendency to deepen and expand." At that time, in Moscow alone, about 750 anarchists were under the supervision of the OGPU, while in general there were 4,000 anarchists in the Soviet Union, who were monitored by the Soviet special services. As a result of only two operations of the OGPU in Leningrad, over 90 people were arrested, another 20 people were arrested in the case of anarchist sailors in the Baltic Fleet.
The documents of the international organization "Anarchist Black Cross", created to help anarchist-political prisoners, estimate the number of only those prisoners whose existence was informed by the correspondents in 1925-1926. - 1200-1400 anarchists and 700 left SRs.
According to researcher Ya. V. Leontiev, the peak of the illegal activities of anarchists in the Soviet Union came in 1926. It was at this time that the number of participants in the illegal anarchist movement in the USSR actually equaled the number of the anarchist movement of the era of the first Russian revolution. Researcher V. V. Krivenky estimated the number of anarchists in 1903-1910. approximately 7 thousand people, while in 1925-1926. only registered in the OGPU anarchists were 4 thousand people. Therefore, as noted by Ya. V. Leont'ev, we can talk about the existence of the "third wave" of domestic anarchism, forgotten by researchers (the first - 1903-1917, the second - 1917-1921).
In the 1920s - 1930s. In the ranks of the anarchist movement, both veterans, including those with the experience of underground work, going back to the era of the 1905-1907 revolution, and young people, continued to act. It is significant that many young people in 1924-1926. were 18-20 years old, that is, by definition, they had nothing to do with anarchism before the 1917 revolution.
Chukovsky's daughter and "Black alarm"
One example of the wide participation of young people in the activities of the illegal anarchist movement in the USSR is the so-called. "The case of the magazine" Black alarm ". It gained fame, among other things, because the daughter of the famous writer Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky, Lydia Chukovskaya (pictured), was one of the main accused in it.
The prehistory of the Black Nabat case dates back to 1924, when an anarchist circle appeared in the Russian Institute of Art History (RII) in Leningrad. The initiator of the creation of the anarchist circle was the student of the RIIII Yuri Krinitsky, who previously lived in Tashkent and had connections with the Tashkent anarcho-syndicalists. On the night of November 3 to 4, 1924, Krinitsky and the students of the RIIII who supported him, Alexandra Kvachevskaya, Maria Krivtsova, Evgenia Olshevskaya, Veniamin Rakov and Panteleimon Skripnikov were arrested. Krinitsky was exiled to the Zyryansk region for three years, Kvachevskaya and Rakov were sent to Kazakhstan for two years, the rest were released. On September 25, 1926, Krinitsky publicly renounced his anarchist views in the Ust-Sysolsk newspaper and wrote detailed testimonies on 16 pages, addressing them to the deputy head of the Zyryansk OGPU (Razumov A. In memory of Lidia Chukovskaya's youth - Zvezda, 1999, No. 9.).
However, in RII, anarchist activity continued. The repressions of the OGPU also continued: on March 13, 1925, it was decided to expel Aida Basevich to Kazakhstan, on June 19, 1925, Raisa Shulman was exiled to Central Asia for 3 years. After Shulman's arrest, Ekaterina Boronina became the inspirer of the underground work in the RIIII. On her initiative, in July 1926, the first and only issue of the Black Nabat magazine was printed in several copies. The publishers dedicated the magazine to the 50th anniversary of the death of M. A. Bakunin.
The authors of the magazine expressed their position in relation to Soviet power clearly and uncompromisingly: it is necessary to fight all types of capitalism, but in the USSR all the main forces of the anarchists must be directed precisely against state capitalism, carried out by the Bolshevik party. The publishers of the magazine expressed solidarity with the Makhnovist movement and the uprising in Kronstadt. They saw a way out of this situation in the construction of anarchist federative organizations of the syndicalist type.
Immediately after the publication of the magazine, the circle came to the attention of the organs of the OGPU. It was decided: Sturmer K. A. and Goloulnikova A. E. imprisonment in a concentration camp for 3 years, E. A. Boronin and Solovyova V. S. to send to Turkestan for 3 years, Kochetova G. P., Chukovskaya L. K., Saakov A. N. send to Saratov for 3 years, Mikhailov-Garin F. I. and Ivanova Ya. I. to send to Kazakhstan for 3 years, Izdebskaya S. A., Budarin I. V., Golubev A. P. to send to Siberia for 3 years, G. A. Sturmer. to send to Ukraine for 3 years, T. A. Zimmerman, T. M. Kokushkina. and Volzhinskaya N. G. send from Leningrad conditionally. Circles, similar to the one that operated in the RIIII, appeared in other cities of the Soviet Union.
Makhno's heirs in Ukraine
Anarchists were more active than in the RSFSR in the described period in Ukraine. In a number of cities of the Ukrainian SSR, anarchist organizations continued to operate, which were the direct heirs of the Nabat Confederation of Anarchists of Ukraine. Despite the mass arrests of anarchists in Ukraine that followed the rout of the Makhnovist movement, already in 1923 the Kharkov anarchists managed to unite scattered circles into one city-wide organization based on the previous principles of the Nabat Confederation of Anarchists of Ukraine.
The anarchists were active at a number of large enterprises in Kharkov, including a steam locomotive plant and a railway depot.
In the tram depot, the campaign was conducted by a veteran of the movement, Avenir Uryadov, who had served as a tsarist penal servitude. Craftsmen united in artels, among whom worked veterans of the movement P. Zakharov and G. Tsesnik, were also caught up in the propaganda. At the Kharkov Institute of Technology, a student group was created headed by A. Volodarsky and B. Nemiretsky (Dubovik A. V. Anarchist underground in Ukraine in the 1920s - 1930s.- site "Russian socialists and anarchists after October 1917" - http // socialist.memo.ru). In the first half of 1924, Kharkiv anarchists organized several economic strikes at enterprises and in railway workshops, demanding a reduction in production rates or a refusal to raise them.
The second most important role in the anarchist movement in Ukraine after Kharkov was played by Odessa. Odessa anarchists across the Soviet-Polish border in the Rovno region established a corridor for the delivery of anarchist literature to the territory of the USSR, published abroad by Russian emigrants - anarchists. Through the Rovno Canal, as the historian of Ukrainian anarchism A. V. Dubovik points out, literature was delivered not only to Ukraine, but also to Moscow, Leningrad, Kursk, and the Volga region.
The active work of the anarchists in 1924 was stopped by the organs of the OGPU. In the spring of 1924, illegal anarchist groups were defeated in Yuzovo, Poltava, Klintsy; in August 1924, a series of arrests of anarchists took place in Kharkov, Kiev, Yekaterinoslav. In Kharkov alone, over 70 people were arrested, the most active of whom were sentenced to imprisonment in the Solovetsky camps for special purposes.
Repression, however, did not completely destroy the anarchist movement in Ukraine. This is evidenced, in particular, by the secret circular of the GPU of the Ukrainian SSR "On the Makhnovists", which instructed the GPU authorities to pay special attention to the regions in which in 1919-1921. the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine N. I. Makhno was active.
Despite the defeat of the Makhnovist movement in the early 1920s, separate groups of Makhnovists continued to exist in a number of settlements of the Ukrainian SSR. Released at the end of 1925 from the Kharkov prison of the GPU V. F. Belash, on behalf of the Kharkov group of anarchists, traveled around the area where the Makhnovists were operating in order to identify underground groups and establish a connection between them and the Kharkov anarchists.
As a result of the trip, Belash went to a group of anarchists operating in Gulyai-Polye, headed by the brothers Vlas and Vasily Sharovsky. Veterans of the Makhnovist movement periodically held meetings, carried out propaganda of anarchism among young people, created small communes and artels. In the village of Basan, Pologovsky district, the Avangard commune operated; there were also communes in the villages of Kermenchik, Bolshaya Yanisol, Konstantinovka.
However, as noted by A. V. Dubovik, who studied this issue in detail, during the "inspection" of the Gulyai-Polsky district, Belash experienced certain difficulties, which were associated with the fact that many former Makhnovists operating in the area did not trust Belash, who had just been released. from the GPU prison. In particular, Belash did not manage to obtain reliable information about the activities in Mariupol of an illegal anarchist group headed by the former Makhnovist commander Avraham Budanov.
Abraham Budanov, who was released under an amnesty at the end of 1923, organized a group in the Mariupol region that distributed leaflets among workers of enterprises and peasants of neighboring villages. In 1928, in connection with the beginning of total collectivization, Budanov's group decided to move from propaganda work to the organization of partisan detachments and began collecting weapons. At the end of 1928, the group was arrested, and as a result of searches, weapons were found on its activists. According to the verdict, Avraham Budanov and his closest assistant Panteleimon Belochub were shot.
A similar armed anarchist group in the same year was exposed by the GPU in the Mezhevsky district of the Dnipropetrovsk region. She acted under the leadership of Ivan Chernoknizhny, who was also released under the amnesty. In the Makhnovist army, Chernoknizhny was the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council. As a result of operational measures, the GPU bodies arrested 7 members of the Chernoknizhny group, seized 17 bombs, 10 rifles, 1340 cartridges. According to circular letter No. 34 of the OGPU "On Anarchists", in 1928, 23 anarchists and 21 Makhnovists were arrested in Ukraine.
Arshinov promotes the "Platform"
It should be noted that the anarchists operating abroad tried to establish contacts with the anarchist groups operating on the territory of Ukraine. In the late 1920s. the former Makhnovists who emigrated from the country consolidated around two centers - Paris and Bucharest. As is known, Nestor Makhno himself lived in Paris, and the former head of artillery of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine V. Danilov was in Bucharest. It was the Danilov Center in Bucharest that played, due to its geographical proximity, a primary role in relations with the anarchists operating in Ukraine. Danilov showed considerable activity, sending his agents to the territory of the USSR. In September 1928, emissaries Foma Kushch and Konstantin Chuprina, sent from Bucharest, visited Odessa and Gulyai Pole, who established ties with the anarchists and returned safely to Romania.
As you know, at the end of the 1920s. the idea of revising anarchist tactics was put forward by one of the most prominent figures of the movement, Peter Arshinov, who was supported by Nestor Makhno. A member of the movement since the beginning of the twentieth century, later one of the leaders of the Makhnovshchina, Pyotr Arshinov, who was in exile in the 1920s, published the so-called. "Organizational platform", in which he proposed to transform the anarchist movement, to give it a more disciplined and structured character, that is, in fact, to start building an anarchist-communist party. Arshinov also subjected to a significant revision the traditional ideas of anarchists about the transition to an anarchist model of society. Arshinov and his supporters spoke in favor of a transitional step to anarchism, thereby placing themselves in an intermediate position between the actual anarchists and the Marxists. Arshinov's views on the construction of the anarchist movement are known in historical science as platformism (from "Organizational Platform").
Arshinov and Makhno's speech with the "Organizational Platform" caused very active discussions in the anarchist environment, both in emigration and in the Soviet Union. V. M. Volin (Eikhenbaum) sharply criticized the concept of a transitional period to an anarchic society. Among Soviet anarchists, the attitude towards the program proposed by Arshinov and Makhno also differed. A. N. Andreev spoke out against platformism, who suggested creating not a mass anarcho-communist party, but, on the contrary, a network of scattered and conspiratorial groups of close comrades, even from each other. Andreev was supported by the prominent Italian anarchist F. Ghezzi, who was in Moscow. Nevertheless, supporters of platformism appeared in the USSR, especially among the Ukrainian anarchists, among whom both Arshinov and, moreover, Makhno, enjoyed considerable authority.
In the summer of 1929, platformists attempted to expand their activities into the territory of the Soviet Union. A group of veterans of the movement, close to platformism, formed in Moscow and began organizing the "Union of Workers Anarchists". As a result of the organizational activities of the "Union of Workers Anarchists" group appeared in a number of cities in Central Russia, the Urals and Siberia.
Union emissary David Wanderer (who was one of the leaders of the Union of Black Sea Seamen 18 years earlier) left for the port cities of Ukraine and Crimea in order to establish contact with the sailors of the Black Sea Fleet. Having found comrades-in-arms among the sailors, the Moscow group of platformists was able to arrange the supply of anarchist literature to the USSR, primarily the Russian-language magazine Delo Truda published in Paris. However, by the end of 1929, the Union of Workers Anarchists was defeated by the organs of the OGPU. Despite the persecution by the OGPU, in the late 1920s. the activity of the anarchists was quite active. Moreover, not only veterans of the movement participated in the activities of the anarchist organizations, but also young people, there was an influx of new members of organizations, and even a transition from the "party in power" to the ranks of anarchist organizations.
Going deep underground
In the late 1920s - early 1930s. the political regime in the Soviet Union became even more harsh. The suppression of the opposition within the VKP (b) proper was accompanied by repression against all other dissidents, including the anarchists. Since the early 1930s. the state security organs began repressions against those anarchists who had not taken part in the movement for a long time and even were members of the CPSU (b). During the 1930s. almost all veterans of the anarchist movement living on the territory of the Soviet Union, including those who held high government posts, became victims of repression. One of the first, in 1930, was repressed Konstantin Akashev, the first commander-in-chief of the air forces of the Red Army, who since 1906 participated in the anarcho-communist movement.
In the 1930s. the organs of the OGPU carried out a number of operations against the remaining anarcho-mystical groups. In June 1930, the Order of the Spirit group was liquidated in Nizhny Novgorod, in August 1930 - the Order of the Templars and Rosicrucians in the Sochi region of the North Caucasus Territory. When they were liquidated, it turned out that they maintained close ties with the Moscow center of anarcho-mystics. In September 1930, arrests of anarcho-mystics took place in Moscow. All the leaders of the anarcho-mystics were arrested, as well as the rank-and-file members of the anarcho-mystical groups who collaborated with them. The most significant terms - 5 years of forced labor camps - were given to the group leaders A. A. Solonovich (pictured), N. I. Proferansov, G. I. Anosov, D. A. Boehm, L. A. Nikitin, V. N. Sno.
Despite the repression, the anarchists continued their illegal activities. As in the second half of the 1920s, in the 1930s. the main emphasis was placed on agitation and propaganda of anarchist ideas among workers, students, peasants, and office workers. In the first half of the 1930s. several centers of the anarchist movement on the territory of the USSR were clearly identified.
The anarchists traditionally had the strongest positions in Ukraine. This state of affairs continued in the first half of the 1930s. Among the centers of the anarchist movement in Ukraine, one can note, first of all, Kharkov, as well as Elizavetgrad, Dnepropetrovsk, Simferopol, Kiev. In Kharkov in 1930, there was a significant activation of the anarchists, associated with the return of many of them from exile after the expiration of the term. The citywide illegal organization of anarchists was recreated, acting on the principles of the KAU "Nabat". Its leaders were Pavel Zakharov, Grigory Tsesnik, Avenir Uryadov, Reveka Yaroshevskaya - anarchists with pre-revolutionary experience of underground work (Dubovik A. V. 1917 "socialist.memo.ru;).
In connection with the beginning of universal collectivization and the famine that followed in Ukraine, the Kharkov anarchists set the task of creating an underground press that could cover as much of the working people as possible. To cover the financial costs of publishing activities, Grigory Tsesnik, based on the experience of the pre-revolutionary anarchist groups of the Black Banners and Beznakhaltsy, proposed to expropriate the bank, but his proposal did not meet with the support of the rest of the anarchists. It was decided to collect the funds from the proceeds of the anarchist-controlled artel for the production of ceramics and the commune of anarchists and SRs in the village of Merefa, Kharkiv region.
In Elizavetgrad, a group of anarcho-syndicalists was created, headed by Vanya Cherny. In Dnepropetrovsk, a group created back in 1928 under the leadership of a locomotive driver Leonid Lebedev continued to exist. In Simferopol, the anarchist group was recreated by Boris and Lyubov Nemiretsky who had been freed from exile, in Kiev, Lipovetsky, who had been freed from exile, also developed a similar activity. Anarcho-syndicalist circle of Dmitry Ablamsky was active in Cherkassy, defeated in 1932 by the state security organs (Dubovik A. V. memo.ru;).
In second place in importance as centers of the illegal anarchist movement on the territory of the USSR was a number of cities in Central Russia. By this time, many active anarchists were exiled to Voronezh, Kursk and Orel, both from Ukraine and from Moscow and Leningrad. In Voronezh in 1931, after serving his exile in Siberia and Central Asia, the famous leader of the anarchist movement Aron Baron settled. In Kursk, an anarchist group was created by people from Odessa Berta Tubisman and Aron Weinstein.
In the summer of 1933 V. F. Belash, who by this time had been recruited by the OGPU, made a trip to the southern regions of the RSFSR, with the aim of identifying the existing illegal groups of anarchists. Belash visited Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, Tikhoretskaya, Novorossiysk, Berdyansk, Tuapse and a number of cities in the Crimean region, but did not get in touch with anyone. He gave detailed testimony about his trip only in 1937, after his arrest in Krasnodar. According to these testimonies, the initiators of the unification of the anarchists into a single organization were the anarchists of Kharkov. On their initiative, Belash went on an inspection trip, and the Kharkiv anarchists were not embarrassed by its negative results. The absence of anarchist groups in the south of the RSFSR and in Crimea will not prevent, as one of the leaders of the Kharkov anarchists, Pyotr Zakharov, argued, to unite anarchists in Ukraine itself. In 1934, the anarchists of Kharkov planned to hold a restoration congress of the Confederation of Anarchists of Ukraine "Nabat". According to the testimony of V. F. Belasha, the Kharkov anarchists really managed to establish contact with representatives of a number of illegally operating anarchist groups, both in Ukraine and abroad, including getting in touch with Aron Baron, who settled in Voronezh.
However, the state security authorities managed to prevent the anarchists from holding the congress. At the same time, a large-scale operation was carried out in Kharkov, Voronezh, Kursk, Orel to arrest members of illegal anarchist groups. In Kharkov, several dozen anarchists were arrested (however, only 8 people were expelled), in Voronezh, Kursk and Orel - 23 people, among whom were veterans of the movement, such as Aron Baron (pictured) or 48-year-old Berta Tubisman, so and young people 1908-1909 birth. By the decision of the Special Meeting at the OGPU Collegium on May 14, 1934, they were all exiled for a period of 3 years each.
Suppression of the anti-Soviet underground
In Leningrad in the first half of the 1930s. Some anarchists who had returned from exile resumed their activities - members of the circle at the Russian Institute of Art History (RII) in the mid-1920s. Veniamin Rakov and Alexander Saakov returned from Saratov, Aida Basevich - from Kazakhstan. In addition, Dina Zeirif arrived in Leningrad, at the suggestion of Lydia Chukovskaya, who herself, however, broke off her ties with the anarchist movement, whom Lydia Chukovskaya met in exile in Saratov. Almost immediately after arriving in Leningrad, the anarchists came under the supervision of the organs of the OGPU. By the Decree of the OGPU Board Session of December 8, 1932, Dina Tsoirif, Nikolai Viktorov and Veniamin Rakov were imprisoned for three years in a political isolator, Yuri Kochetov was also exiled for three years to Central Asia.
In 1934-1936. a number of prominent anarchists in the past, who closely collaborated with the Soviet regime, were arrested. Herman Sandomirsky, who was from the early 1920s. in the service in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, was arrested and exiled to Yeniseisk. In December 1934 g.in the city of Rudny, Smolensk region, Alexander Taratuta, who worked as an agronomist-economist at the Soyuzkonservmoloko trust, was arrested. He was placed in the Verkhne-Uralsky, and then in the Suzdal political isolator. Also around 1936, Daniil Novomirsky, the former leader of the anarcho-syndicalists, who had been in the RCP (b) since 1920, was arrested. Pyotr Arshinov, who returned to the USSR in 1935 under security guarantees given by his former cellmate Sergo Ordzhonikidze, was also arrested and died during interrogation.
In 1937, the overwhelming majority of active participants in the anarchist movement ended up in isolation wards and camps, as well as in exile in Siberia, Central Asia and the Urals. In the repressive policy of the state security agencies of the USSR, there was a shift in priorities. The main targets of repression in 1937 were not non-party dissidents, but members of the CPSU (b), who were suspected of sympathizing with the "bloc of Rights and Trotskyites."
In 1937, 23 anarchists were arrested in the Ukrainian SSR, including an anarchist group of 15 people in Nikolaev. Others arrested were lone anarchists who survived from Donetsk region, Dnepropetrovsk, Kharkov, Kiev region. In mid-February 1938, more than 30 former active participants of the Makhnovist movement were arrested in Gulyai-Pole and Dnepropetrovsk, who were charged with belonging to the illegal organization "Gulyai-Polish military-Makhnovist counterrevolutionary insurrectionary regiment", ties with the Ukrainian nationalist center in Kiev, abroad the center of the Makhnovist movement in Bucharest and the Central Anarchist Group in Moscow, the armed struggle against Soviet power, the preparation of an uprising, anti-Soviet agitation, the preparation of terror and sabotage. In Leningrad in 1937-1938. participants of the anarcho-anthroposophical circle of Rimma Nikolaeva, Alexander Sparionapte and Yulian Shutsky, destroyed in 1930 in Tashkent, were shot.
In 1937-1938. repressions continued against veterans of the anarchist movement, who had been arrested during the first half of the 1930s. In 1937, Alexander Taratuta was shot, in 1938 - Olga Taratuta, German Sandomirsky and Ivan Strod were shot - one of the commanders of the partisans of Eastern Siberia during the Civil War, a close ally of N. A. Kalandarishvili, who participated in the activities of the federation of anarchist communists of Irkutsk in 1918-1921 In 1937, Vladimir (Bill) Shatov, a well-known anarcho-syndicalist, was also repressed, in 1921-1934. former member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and holding a number of important government posts (including deputy people's commissar of railways, acting head of the Main Directorate of Railway Construction of the People's Commissariat of Railways). In 1939, the Italian anarchist Francesco Ghezzi was arrested and sentenced to 8 years in prison for "counter-revolutionary agitation."
Judging by the further turn of events in the Ghezzi case, he continued active anarchist activities in places of imprisonment, since in 1943 in the Ghezzi case a decision was made to sentence him to death, but Ghezzi died in the camp a little earlier. Fate turned out to be more favorable to the leaders of the "neonihilists" A. N. Andreev and his wife Z. B. Gandlevskaya. Arrested in 1937 in Yaroslavl-on-Volga, they were sentenced to 8 years in camps and transferred first to the Vologda prison, and then to the camps of the Kolyma Territory. Many of the surviving anarchists continued their activities in prisons. They went on hunger strikes of protest, wrote complaints to the leaders of the party and state, including I. V. Stalin. It is known, in particular, that the spouses of A. N. Andreev and Z. B. Gandlevskaya went on a hunger strike.
Late 1940s characterized by a new wave of repression against those few anarchists who, having served in the late 1930s - early 1940s. term of imprisonment, were again at large. At least several such cases are known. In 1946, A. N. Andreev and Z. B. Gandlevskaya. They arrived in the city of Cherkassy, Kiev region. Ukrainian SSR, where Andreev was able to get a job as the head of the material warehouse of the OKS at the machine-building plant named after. Petrovsky. However, on February 24, 1949, Andreev and Gandlevskaya were arrested again. During a search they found a copy of Andreev's book "Neonihilism", two volumes of works by PA Kropotkin and MA Bakunin. After 8 months of imprisonment, Andreev and Gandlevskaya were exiled to the Novosibirsk region, to the Dubrovinsky state farm No. 257 of the Ust-Tarksky district, where they remained until their release in 1954.
At the same time, the arrests of those few surviving leaders of the anarchist movement of the revolutionary years, who had already been in the service of the Soviet state for a long time, followed. So, on March 2, 1949, Alexander Ulanovsky was arrested, a member of the anarchist movement since the revolution of 1905-1907, after the Bolshevik Party came to power, he worked in the Soviet military intelligence - first in the foreign secret service, then in teaching positions in the schools of the Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army … Ulanovsky was sentenced to 10 years in prison, as in his youth he belonged to the anarchist movement.
The widow of N. I. Makhno, G. A. Kuzmenko, ended up in the Soviet camps, who after the end of the Great Patriotic War returned to her homeland, where she received 10 years of imprisonment and after her release lived with her daughter Elena in the city of Dzhezkazgan in deep poverty (in the photo - Makhno's wife and daughter - Galina Kuzmenko and Elena Mikhnenko).
In the summer of 1950, the famous Soviet writer Yevgenia Taratuta, who was the daughter of the famous anarchist of the pre-revolutionary years Alexander Taratut, who was shot back in 1937, was arrested. In 1951, Lyubov Abramovna Altshul, who had already served several terms by that time, was expelled from Moscow - in the past, an active anarchist, the wife of the famous Civil War hero Anatoly Zheleznyakov ("sailor Zheleznyak"). The persecution of the former members of the anarchist circle in the RII, which operated back in the mid-1920s, continued. So, in 1946-1947. the state security bodies collected materials for the re-arrest of Fyodor Garin-Mikhailov, Alexander Saakov and Tamara Zimmerman. In 1953, the Bryansk Department of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR was preparing materials for declaring Yuri Kochetov on the all-Union wanted list. A significant softening of the policy towards former active anarchists followed after the death of I. V. Stalin in 1953 and the arrest of L. P. Beria.
Thus, we can conclude that in the second half of the 1920s - 1930s. there was indeed an illegal anarchist movement in the Soviet Union. This movement directly inherited its immediate predecessors - the anarchist movement during the 1917 revolution and the Civil War, and the pre-revolutionary anarchist movement.
Ideological orientation of the illegal anarchist movement in the USSR in the second half of the 1920s - 1930s. was distinguished by its variety. At the same time, representatives of anarcho-syndicalism and anarcho-communism played a leading role in the movement. It was on the basis of the principles of anarcho-syndicalism and anarcho-communism that the unification of illegal organizations took place. Smaller circles could be guided by other trends in anarchism, including anarcho-individualism and anarcho-mysticism. Activities of illegal organizations in the second half of the 1920s - 1930s. was, first of all, agitational and propaganda in nature. At the same time, there were the creation of communes and artels of anarchists, as well as attempts to create armed underground organizations and the transition to expropriatory and terrorist activities. As a result of the planned policy of the Soviet government to combat opposition and anti-state political forces, by the beginning of the 1940s, the illegal anarchist movement in the USSR was actually defeated.
When writing the article, the following materials were used:
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2. Dolzhanskaya L. A. “I was and remained an anarchist”: the fate of Francesco Ghezzi (based on the materials of the investigation) // Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin and the problems of modeling the historical and cultural development of civilization. Materials of the international scientific conference. SPb, 2005.
3. Dubovik A. V. Anarchist underground in Ukraine in the 1920s - 1930s // site "Russian socialists and anarchists after October 1917" socialist.memo.ru.
4. Leontiev Ya., Bykovsky S. From the history of the last pages of the anarchist movement in the USSR: the case of A. Baron and S. Ruvinsky (1934). In the book: Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin and the problems of modeling the historical and cultural development of civilization: materials of an international scientific conference / Comp. P. I. Thalers. - SPb. 2005. S. 157-171.
5. Razumov A. In memory of the youth of Lydia Chukovskaya // Star. 1999. No. 9.
6. Shubin A. V. Problems of the Transition Period in the Ideology of the Russian Anarchist Emigration of the 1920s - 1930s. // Anarchy and Power: Sat. Art. M., 1992.
