For our pagan nurses, For babbling infant days
(Their speech was our speech, Until we knew ours)
("By Birthright" by Rudyard Joseph Kipling)
In European countries, 67 marker haplotypes of the R1a1 haplogroup were analyzed, which helped to determine the approximate direction of migration of this group of people on its territory. And it turned out that, from Iceland to Greece inclusive, the haplogroup R1a1 had a common ancestor about 7500 years ago! And his descendants, like a baton, passed their haplotypes to each other to their other descendants, diverging to the sides from one historical region - the territory of the Balkan Peninsula or the Black Sea region. Specifically, these were Serbia, Bosnia and Macedonia, and also Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia were involved here. This is the area of the most ancient haplotypes of the R1a1 haplogroup. And the most mutated haplotypes show us the time when it was: 7500 thousand years ago, when there were no Slavs, no Germans, no Celts.
Pottery of the Yamnaya culture.
Interestingly, DNA genealogy allowed us to learn that for many millennia those distant ancestors of the people of our time lived fairly settled, and did not really move anywhere. And if some fidgets migrated, then there were no traces of them in the haplotypes. But it is known for sure that about 6 thousand years ago, a massive movement of peoples suddenly began, which left its traces in the history of the peoples of all of Europe - and this, first of all, was the migration of the Indo-Europeans. And all this was connected with the development of the economy and … the emergence of new tools of labor, as it was written in the textbook on the history of the Ancient World for the 5th grade of Soviet historians Agibalov and Donskoy. It is interesting that the linguistic identity of many archaeological cultures in Europe has not yet been clarified. Although today we know that of the former multitude of Paleo-European languages in Europe, only the Basque language has survived, and a certain part of the vocabulary in the languages of the peoples of northern Europe.
Germans in Europe. Genetic geography clearly shows that the most typical Germans by genotype should be sought today in Iceland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. That is, the Germans are … Danes, Swedes and Norwegians!
So it was from the Balkans and the Black Sea region that people of the Yamnaya and Trypillian cultures diverged, and this happened 6-5 thousand years ago, that is, in the third or fourth millennium BC. It is still difficult to say where the R1a1 haplogroup was until this moment, but, most likely, it came to Europe … from Asia, because there was nowhere else to get here.
Well, if you look at individual countries, then, for example, in Germany the base 67-marker haplotype also has its own characteristic mutations, and they show that the division of the same Germans from the Eastern Slavs took place again about 6 thousand years ago. Today, about 14% of people with a haplogroup (R1a1-M458) live in Germany, but in some areas there are more than a third of them. The rest of the population of Germany has a "Scandinavian" haplogroup I1 (28%) and a purely "Western European" R1b1a2 (39%).
Italo-Celts in Europe. The most typical Celts live today in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, on the Cornwall peninsula in England and Brittany in France, in Spain in the Barcelona region and in the Poitou region, and in the valleys of Andorra. And in Italy, yes, there is also, in the north, but not in the south! And what is this if not a consequence of the pressure of ancient migrants from the East ?!
The ancestor of modern Norwegians in present-day Norway lived 4500 years ago. In Norway, the share of R1a1-Z284 currently averages between 18 and 25% of the population. In addition, there is the Scandinavian I1 (41%) and Western European R1b1a2 (28%) haplogroups. The Norwegians have a subclade of this ancient haplogroup R1a1-Z284.
In England, the ancestor of modern carriers of R1a1 lived also 4500 years ago, as well as in Germany. But England and the British Isles in general are not characterized by a very large number of R1a1 descendants. There are only 2% to 9% of them on all islands. The Western European haplogroup R1b (71%) and also the Scandinavian haplogroup I1 (16%) dominate here.
Red hair in Europe. Oh, as you can see, the gene for red hair was born not in Europe, but beyond the Urals. Why? Yes, because there was no return migration, but there was migration to Europe from across the Urals! And the most redheads settled again on the "edge of Europe", where the Celts are! And it may very well be that these peoples from beyond the Urals migrated to the areas of Hallstatt and La Tene and gave rise to Celtic culture. And the Celts, in turn, went further to the West, and stayed there!
Irish haplotypes for haplogroup R1a1 are considered the oldest in Western Europe, and in the British Isles as well. The reason lies in the presence of a unique subclade L664. There is a lot to say that the settlement of these territories was very early, and that the ancient Irish R1a1 were more fortunate than the mainland. But now in Ireland there are very few carriers of the haplogroup R1a1, no more than 2-4% of the population, and three quarters belong to the Western European haplogroup R1b1a2.
It took time to master the northern, cold and mountainous Scotland. The ancestor of the modern subclade of the haplogroup R1a1 lived here 4300 years ago. In Scotland, the number of R1a1 descendants declines from north to south. In the north, on the Shetland Islands, there are 27%, and there the number is reduced to 2-5% in the south of the country. On average, there are about 6% of them. All the rest - from two-thirds to three-quarters - are carriers of the Western European haplogroup R1b.
Haplogroup R1a-M458 and its distribution in Europe.
In Poland, the common ancestor of the haplogroup R1a1 lived about 5000 years ago (subclades R1a1-M458 and Z280). Moreover, today in Poland, representatives of the R1a1 haplogroup make up about 56%, and in some places up to 62%. The rest are the Western European haplogroup R1b (12%), the Scandinavian haplogroup I1 (17%) and the Baltic haplogroup N1c1 (8%).
Haplogroup R1a-Y93 and its distribution in Europe.
On the territory of countries such as the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the age of their common Proto-Slavic ancestor is 4200 years old. However, it turns out that the resettlement of our common ancestors on the territory of such modern states as Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia took place literally over the course of several generations. In archeology, such a high accuracy of dating is completely unthinkable today, but genetics can provide such accuracy.
Haplogroup R1a-Z93 in Asia. Judging by this scheme, the "most Russians" there are … the Kyrgyz and … the southern Afghans!
It is interesting that in the ancient rich Magyar burials, the remains of men with haplogroup N1c1, who were undoubtedly the first leaders of the tribes, are mainly found, and they were all newcomers.
That is, it turns out that the common ancestor of the haplogroup R1a lived in Europe 5000-5500 years ago, but it is still impossible to establish this more precisely. Well, and the common European ancestor, not counting the Balkan region - the supposed ancestral home of all Indo-Europeans, lived there even earlier - about 7500 years ago. However, the archaeological cultures of all these periods are known to us, and we are not talking about any greater development of any of them, that is, the level of all was approximately the same and again associated with the habitat. Those who lived in the forests did not need horses, the inhabitants of the lakeside areas lived in pile settlements, the abode of the steppes moved on horses and chariots.
It should be borne in mind that haplotypes for ancestors are different everywhere, for different regions their subclades are also characteristic. And here we meet with an interesting moment: the peoples of Altai and many Turkic peoples also have high percentages for the haplogroup R1a1. For example, the Bashkir subclade Z2123 reaches 40%. Haplogroup R1a1 is also represented in the Sayan-Altai region, and among the local Turkic population of Central Asia. For the same Kyrgyz, it reaches 63%. But they have nothing to do with the Russians or the Iranians!
It turns out that it is incorrect to call the entire haplogroup R1a1 by one name, and to identify only with the Slavs is to show ignorance. After all, haplogroups are not ethnic groups, they are not associated with either the linguistic or ethnicity of their bearer. The haplogroup also has no direct relation to genes. For example, such a haplogroup as R1a1-Z93 is very typical for the Arabs, and for the Levites - the subgroup of Ashkenazi Jews (they also confirmed the subclade CTS6), and for the Armenians - the subclade R1a1-Z93, although R1a1-Z282 is also present among them.
By the way, in Asia Minor, a common ancestor with the presence of the haplogroup R1a1 lived about 6500 years ago, so that both Armenians and Anatolians have a common ancestor, or several ancestors very close in time, only within several generations - subclades Z93 and Z282. It should be noted that the period of 4500 years before the common ancestor of the haplogroup R1a1-Z93 in Anatolia correlates well with the time when the Hittites appeared there, although a number of R1a1-Z93 lineages could well have appeared there after the migration of Turkic peoples there already in our era.
Well, the conclusion is this: the original area of haplogroup R1a1 in Europe is the territory of Eastern Europe and, possibly, the Black Sea lowland. And before that, probably, its representatives lived in Asia, for example, in South Asia, and maybe even in Northern China, from where they eventually moved to the West, that is, to Europe and Western Asia.
However, this is by no means the most important conclusion. The main one is this: today there is enough scientific data to combine the efforts of genetics, archeology and linguistics to create a consistent and sufficiently substantiated history of the development of mankind. Moreover, it was created long ago and today it is only developing and deepening. Attempts to play on some separate inconsistencies and conjecture something that there is no evidence in the complex of all these three disciplines is a senseless exercise designed for simpletons. Attempts to make the history of individual nations older should also be attributed to the field of politics (and here, by the way, it was Hitler who showed a very bad example!) And purely human envy: we are not the best today, so we will be comforted by the fact that we were the greatest yesterday! But it is clear that such an approach has nothing to do with historical science, as well as the "study" of earthly "women of the golden and reptilian section." Although, yes, today there are books where people write even about this!
