For the sons of the Golden South (stand up!), For the price of years lived!
If you take care of something, you sing about
If you value something, you stand on that
Blow - blow back!
("By Birthright" by Rudyard Joseph Kipling)
When we want to study something, then … it should be remembered that success is in an integrated approach. Otherwise, we will become like the blind, who studied the elephant by touch. One took him by the leg and said that the elephant was very similar to the trunk of a tree, the other felt its belly and said that it was a huge wineskin, the one who got the trunk found that the elephant was a fat snake, and the one who had a thin tail. And they were all right in their own way! The historian can fall into a similar mistake if he does not take into account the entire body of scientific data. He should be critical of propaganda, and above all of the fact that there are all enemies around his people who only dream of harming him. For example, take his story away from him. This is a typical paranoia that has nothing to do with reality and a way to switch attention from internal problems to external ones: a way old as the world, but effective.
Jack London described it in his story "The Power of the Strong" - and it is a very instructive and wise story.
Politicians try to do this from time to time, relying on human ignorance. But professional historians value their reputation, so distort something to please politicians? Why do they need it? Reputation is more important than money! People who believe that this is not so do not read the books of these historians themselves, since they only speak Russian. Therefore, they are hostages of what the same politicians tell them. However, on the Internet today there are many visual pictures especially for them and others like them, where the whole story is shown by "color spots". You just need to find, look and … think! Indeed, today science has many methods of researching the past of mankind. Time machines have not yet been invented, but … there is already a kind of it that allows you to go far into the past and see who of the people lived in that distant time, while archaeologists show with their excavations what these people did there. So everyone who wants to make the history of their people more ancient, as well as add grandeur and civilization to it, should start with a comprehensive study of the problem, and not pull out of its "bouquet" the individual "flowers" that they like the most!
Megalithic culture of funnel beakers, Germany.
First of all, let us recall that back in 1928, the Soviet geneticist, academician Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky (1892 - 1948) introduced the concept of genogeography, and since that time it has been successfully developing, and its information baggage is becoming more significant from year to year. And it is based on the fact that nature itself is arranged so that all people have the same genetic code: 23 pairs of chromosomes, and in them all the hereditary information received by a person from both parents. Each chromosome takes about half from the maternal and half from the paternal. What genes will come from his mother, and what dad will give - His Majesty will decide by chance, that is why we all do not resemble each other and differ both in the shape of the nose and in the mind. But in this lottery, one single male chromosome - Y does not participate, it is by nature passed from father to son without changes, like a baton. But women have no Y chromosome at all.
Map of early Neolithic cultures in Europe 7000 to 8000 years ago. Distribution by haplogroups. The English text has not been specially changed so that everyone can make sure: “there” no one is engaged in falsification of history and does not belittle the historical past of the Slavs, which is, that is! The names of the cultures are also given in English, but there is a Russian-language analogue text for each on the Internet. Thus, it is easy to see what, who, where and when, as well as obtain information about the haplogroups of a particular culture.
Middle Neolithic in Europe according to archaeological excavations.
In subsequent generations, mutations occur in some parts of the Y chromosome - loci, and they are passed on to all subsequent generations through the male line. In loci, or so-called STR markers, there can be from 7 to 42 tandem repeats, which gives a picture that is completely unique for each person. Due to mutations, the number of tandem repeats changes in one direction or another, so that the more mutations occur, the more ancient is the common ancestor for the so-called group of haplotypes.
Map of Neolithic cultures from 5500 to 6000 years ago. The cultures characteristic of our country are clearly visible: Maikop, Yamnaya, as well as the Central European culture of linear ceramics.
The haplogroups themselves do not have genetic information. But they are a kind of marks of bygone eras, and allow us to look into the genetic past of any people. Well, since we recently talked about the Slavs here, let's look at the haplogroups belonging to them and their genesis. Particular attention should be paid to the four most common haplogroups among the representatives of the Russian people, these are: R1a1 (47.0%), N1c1 (20.0%), I2 (10.6%), I1 (6.2%). Simply put, the genetic makeup of straight male Y-chromosome lines in Russian people looks like this: Eastern Europeans - 47%; Balts - 20%; and two more haplogroups of Europeans of the Paleolithic era are the Scandinavians - 6%; and the Balkans - 11%.
Map of Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age cultures in Europe from 5000 to 4500 years ago.
That is, we note again: for the Russians, Slavs, and Indo-Europeans, haplogroups R1a, R1b, N1c, I1 and I2 are characteristic.
Now let's rewind the chain of changes in the past and see what was there. And there it turns out this is what: about 8-9 thousand years ago there was a linguistic group, which just laid the foundation for the Indo-European language family (at the very beginning, these were, most likely, haplogroups R1a and R1b). This family included such linguistic groups as Indo-Iranians from South Asia, Slavs and Balts from Eastern Europe, Celts from Western Europe, and Germans from Central and Northern Europe. As a result of migration, many representatives of these peoples dispersed to different regions of Eurasia. Someone left to the south and east (R1a-Z93), giving rise to the Indo-Iranian peoples and languages and participating in the ethnogenesis of the Turkic peoples, while others continued to be in Europe (R1b-L51), for example, the Slavs (R1a-Z283, R1b-L51). But the migration flows were strong, “people were mixed”, therefore, in all modern European ethnic groups, there is a large number of different haplogroups.
Map of the Early and Middle Bronze Age cultures from 4500 to 4000 years ago. The areas of megalithic structures and the zone of the culture of bell-shaped beakers are clearly visible. On the territory of Russia, the log culture is replacing the Yamnaya culture.
It is believed that the spread of the bell goblet culture could in turn be associated with the spread of the gene for tolerant attitudes towards lactose, which increased the survival rate of its representatives.
Slavic languages from the once united group of Balto-Slavic languages emerged, most likely, in the era of late Corded Ware about 3, 3 millennia ago. Period from the 5th century BC to IV - V centuries A. D. can already be considered quite conclusively Proto-Slavic, since both the Balts and the Slavs had already been divided by this time. However, the Slavs themselves, as such, did not yet exist, but appeared later, in the IV-VI centuries. AD At the beginning of their formation among the Slavs, about 80% were haplogroups R1a-Z280 and I2a-M423. The Balts have 80% of the haplogroups N1c-L1025 and R1a-Z280. The connection between the Balts and the Slavs was noticeable from the very beginning, which is also confirmed by archaeological data.
Iranian languages, which also belong to Indo-European, are dated as follows: the oldest era from the 2nd millennium BC. to IV century BC, middle - from IV century BC until the 9th century A. D., and a new one - from the 9th century A. D. and up to now. So the Iranian languages in antiquity appeared after the migration of a part of the tribes that spoke Indo-European languages from Central Asia to India and Iran. Their characteristic haplogroups, most likely, were R1a-Z93, J2a, G2a3.
Map of the Late Bronze Age cultures 3200 to 3000 years ago. Hallstatt culture spreads in the center of Europe. In Poland - Luzhitskaya, wittily called by one of the readers of VO "culture of the common cold" or "culture of diarrhea." On the territory of the south of Russia, the log culture dominates.
Thus, we can draw the first conclusion, namely that Indo-Aryans - Celts, Germans and Slavs in academic science are called Indo-Europeans, and this term is most adequate for such a vast and diverse linguistic group of very different peoples. And this statement is quite correct and scientific. It is not scientific to isolate the Indo-Aryans and Slavs from this group and claim that they are the most ancient people of Eurasia. Although yes, in the genetic aspect, the heterogeneity of the Indo-Europeans in Y-haplogroups and in the so-called autosomes is also noticeable.
The area of the Luzhitsk culture (highlighted in green) according to archaeological finds.
Turning to the texts of the Indian Vedas, one can find out that the Indo-Aryans came to India from the north (from Central Asia), and that it was their hymns and traditions that formed their basis. And if we talk about linguistics, then, again, the Russian language and, for example, Lithuanian, as a representative of the Balto-Slavic ancient linguistic community, are relatively close to Sanskrit. But … on a par with the Celtic, Germanic and other languages of the ancient Indo-European family! All these languages have common roots and similar words! And genetically, the Indo-Aryans, as they moved to India, became increasingly residents of Asia Minor.
So, haplogroup R1a in DNA genealogy is a common haplogroup, both for a part of the Slavs and for a part of the Turks. Part of the haplogroup R1a1, during the movements of ancient peoples across the Russian Plain, turned out to be part of the Finno-Ugric peoples, for example, the Mordovians (Erzya and Moksha). Some of the tribes (for the haplogroup R1a1 this will be the subclade Z93 (a haplogroup is both a macrohaplogroup, like R1a, and a microhaplogroup, like R1a1ag, which we can just call a subclade) brought their Indo-European language to India and Iran about 3500 years ago, that is, in the middle of the II millennium BC All this is confirmed by the data not only of DNA genealogy, but also of linguistics, which in this case are well correlated with each other.
A significant amount of the haplogroup R1a1-Z93 merged into the Turkic ethnos even in ancient times, which is not surprising due to the great antiquity of the haplogroup R1a1. Well, the carriers of the R1a1-Z280 haplogroup ended up in the Finno-Ugric tribes, and today, for example, the Erzya Mordovians still have the dominant haplogroup R1a1-Z280.
DNA genealogy even shows the approximate dates of migrations of the owners of certain haplogroups in the regions of the modern Russian Plain and Central Asia in prehistoric times. That is, when, even before the appearance of genetics, and without even knowing that it would appear, European scientists, including German ones, gave Slavs, Celts, Germans, etc. the name of the Indo-Europeans, they were right. And the "Aryans" are the very tribes and peoples that spoke, and even speak today in the Indo-Iranian languages. And that's all, however. No more and no less!
Migration map of haplogroup R1a.
But in which direction did the flow of Indo-European migration move - to the west, to Europe from Asia, or, on the contrary, from Europe to the east, to Asia? Yes, the ancient homeland of the Indo-Europeans has not yet been determined, but … you can't go that far on foot. This means that you need to look for the area where the horse was domesticated. According to some estimates, the Indo-European language family is about 8,500 years old. And the horse has become a domestic one for about the same time. And according to one of the existing versions, this could be the Black Sea region - northern or southern. Well, the Indo-Aryan language was introduced to India about 3500 years ago, most likely from the region of Central Asia, by carriers of the genetic Y-lines R1a1-L657, G2a, J2a, J2b.
