History 2024, November

On February 8, 1939, Iosif Apanasenko was awarded the title of "commander of the 2nd rank". And exactly 80 years ago, in February 1941, he received the shoulder straps of the "army general". He was called "rebel", swearing general and "savage uprising". But "where he was, everything was fine." Why did Stalin forgive him a lot? How

Only when Yermak's Cossack squad crossed the "Stone Belt" of the Ural Mountains and defeated the Siberian Khanate, one of the last fragments of the Golden Horde, was the foundation of Asian Russia laid. And although the Russian people got acquainted with Siberia long before this event, they are connected with Ermak and his associates

In 1853, Russian troops under the command of General Perovsky, having walked 900 miles across waterless terrain, stormed the Kokand fortress Ak-Mechet, which covered all the routes to Central Asia. Three hundred Ural and two hundred Orenburg Cossacks took part in the campaign. The fortress was renamed to a fort

At the beginning of the 17th century, events took place in Russia, called by contemporaries the Troubles. This name was not given by chance. A real civil war broke out in the country at that time, complicated by the intervention of Polish and Swedish feudal lords. Trouble began during the reign of Tsar Boris Godunov (1598 -1605

In the first days of the war, from June 22, 1941, the shock offensive of the Nazis with tank wedges was directed at the 8th and 11th armies ("Betrayal of 1941: the Troubles of the First Days"), as well as on the 4th and 5th. what happened to these armies in the future during the Great Patriotic War?

The date of seniority (formation) of the Don Cossack Host is officially 1570. This date is based on a very minor, but very significant event in the history of the army. In the oldest of the found letters, Tsar Ivan the Terrible orders the Cossacks to serve him, and for this he promises to "grant" them. V

In the previous article "Seniority (education) and the formation of the Don Cossack army in the Moscow service" and in other articles of the series on the history of the Cossacks, it was shown how by the measures of the Moscow princes and their governments, the southeastern Cossacks (primarily the Don and Volga) were gradually put on

In the previous article "Betrayal of Mazepa and the pogrom of Cossack liberties by Tsar Peter" it was shown how during the reign of Peter the "noble beheading" of the Cossack liberties was carried out in response to the betrayal of the Little Russian hetman Mazepa and the uprising of the Don chieftain Bulavin. January 28, 1725 Peter

Information from the early history of the Dnieper Cossacks is fragmentary, fragmentary and contradictory, but at the same time very eloquent. The earliest mention of the existence of the Dnieper Brodniks (the ancestors of the Cossacks) is associated with the legend of the founding of Kiev by Prince Kiy. Any saying is known to be

At the end of the previous article "The formation of the Dnieper and Zaporizhzhya troops and their service to the Polish-Lithuanian state" it was shown how the repressive policy of the Commonwealth against the Orthodox population of the Dnieper Cossacks and all of Ukraine began to grow from the end of the 16th century. Polish orders

In the previous article, "The transition of the Cossack army of the hetmanate to Moscow service," it was shown how, in the incredibly difficult and cruel conditions of the merciless national liberation and civil war (ruins), the Dnieper Cossacks of the Hetmanate passed into Moscow service. This war, like

In the previous article "Ancient Cossack ancestors" on the basis of numerous chronicles, chronicles, legends, works of Cossack historians and writers, and other sources, it was shown that in the foreseeable retrospective the roots of such a phenomenon as the Cossacks are unambiguously Scythian-Sarmatian, then the Turkic

The Patriotic War of 1812 was the apotheosis of the era of the Napoleonic Wars. The wars themselves were the culmination of a long era of Anglo-French geopolitical rivalry. The Anglo-French confrontation had a turbulent centuries-old history. Wars went on almost continuously and for a long time

On June 12, Napoleon's army crossed the Neman River at Kovno and sent the main blow to the junction between the 1st and 2nd Western armies, with the aim of separating them and defeating each one individually. The advance detachments of the French army, after crossing the Neman, were met by a patrol of the Black Sea hundreds

The original and highly unique personality of the Don Ataman Matvey Ivanovich Platov occupies a very special position in Cossack history. He is one of the most beloved folk heroes created by the Patriotic War. The great era of 1812, which illuminated the Don unparalleled in his annals

After the expulsion of Napoleon from Russia, the Emperor Alexander, with his appeal, invited all the peoples of Europe to rise up against the tyranny of Napoleon. A coalition was already forming around Emperor Alexander. The first to join her was King Bernadotte of Sweden, a former Marshal of Napoleon. He knew Napoleon perfectly and gave

In the previous articles of this series, devoted to the history of the Dnieper and Zaporozhye Cossacks, it was shown how the ruthless wheels of history grind the legendary Dnieper Cossack republics. With the expansion of the boundaries of the Russian Empire to the Black Sea, Zaporozhye with its original organization

In 1894, after the death of Tsar-peacemaker Alexander III, his son Nicholas II ascended the throne, and his reign marked the end of the three-hundred-year-old Romanov dynasty. Objectively, nothing foreshadowed such an outcome. According to the custom of the dynasty, Emperor Nicholas II received an excellent education and upbringing. On

In the 20-40s of the 18th century, the Russian government carried out a number of major measures to strengthen the southeastern border of the empire and increase the role of the Cossacks in its defense. Two circumstances made these measures vital: First, significant progress was made in the development of

The previous article "Cossacks before the World War" showed how this greatest meat grinder in the history of mankind was born and matured in the depths of world politics. The ensuing war was very different in character from the previous and subsequent ones. Decades before the war in the military

During the first months of the war, a certain pattern of actions was formed in the Russian army. The Germans began to be treated with caution, the Austrians were considered a weaker enemy. Austria-Hungary has turned for Germany from a full ally into a weak partner requiring continuous support

While in Moscow, Napoleon interrogated a captured, wounded Cossack and asked him: how could the war he started against Russia have ended if there were Cossack units in the ranks of the French army. Donets chuckled: "Then the French emperor would have long been a Chinese emperor."

The general political situation for the Entente by 1916 was developing favorably. The US relations with Germany were aggravated, and it was hoped that Romania would also take the side of the allies. By the beginning of 1916, the general strategic situation on the war fronts also began to take shape in favor of the Entente. But

Worldly I longed for delights, Worldly pleasures. I was glad to all temptations, I fell into sin. The world attracts me with a smile. He's so good! I have lost count of thorns. Everything in the world is a lie. Save me, Lord, To overcome the world. My way is to the Holy Land. With Yours

The history of Russian-Polish relations has been burdened with a load of problems for a long time. They have not disappeared today. They also existed after the revolutionary events of October 1917. In the very first days after the Bolsheviks came to power, Polish political leaders established close ties with the Entente to prepare

Even during the struggle between the troops of Vasily Shuisky and the Bolotnikovites, False Dmitry II appeared. A new stage of the Troubles began, which was now accompanied by open Polish intervention. At first, the Poles actively supported their protégé - a new impostor, then, in 1609, the invasion of the Polish army began

The beginning of the Polish invasion Using the conclusion of the Russian-Swedish alliance against the Tushin people as a pretext, the Polish king Sigismund III, who claimed the throne of Sweden, usurped by his younger brother Charles IX, declared war on Russia. But this was not enough for the Polish king, and he came up with a "legal"

The Caucasian front differed from the fronts of the western theater of the Great War in that it did not know defeat. At any time of the year, not a trench positional warfare was waged here, as in other places, but active hostilities were going on with detours, envelopes, encirclements and decisive breakthroughs. Cossacks made up half

Defense of Moscow. Tushino camp Tsar Vasily himself led the defense of the capital. He had accumulated 30-35 thousand warriors. In order to keep the enemy out of the city, they took up positions on Khodynka and Presnya. But Shuisky did not dare to take on a general battle. He entered into negotiations with Hetman Rozhinsky (Ruzhinsky) and

The death of False Dmitry did not stop the Troubles. The civil war continued, covering new lands, new impostors appeared. In the very first month of his reign, Vasily Shuisky had to suppress several attempts at performances by the Moscow urban lower classes. Moscow feared that for the overthrow of the impostor

Those good fellows have risen, Those faithful Rus have raised, That the Pozharsky prince with the merchant Minin, Here are two falcons, here are two clear ones, Here are two doves, here are two faithful ones, They suddenly rose, started up. Having helped the host, the last host. From a folk song. 400 years ago, on May 21, 1616, Kuzma Minin passed away. Russian

The invasion On October 13, 1604, the troops of False Dmitry began an invasion of the Russian state through the Seversk Ukraine. This direction of the invasion made it possible to avoid strong border battles, since the region at that time was covered by unrest and uprisings caused by the "excesses" of the Godunov government

Pereyaslavskaya Rada was the result of wars, intrigue and trade, and not the call of the Cossack soul

Today Anapa is a purely peaceful city. A climatic and balneological resort, which has been remembered by many since Soviet times as a favorite place for children's recreation. But earlier there was a fortress, for which bloody battles unfolded. It is no coincidence that Nikolay Veselovsky, author

November 30 is the anniversary of the brilliant victory of the Russian fleet in the Sinop Bay on the northern coast of Turkey. On this day, 159 years ago (November 18 (30), 1853), a Russian squadron under the command of Admiral Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov crushed the Turkish fleet on its head

The Day of Military Glory of Russia, celebrated today, was established in honor of the Day of the capture of the Turkish fortress of Izmail by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov in 1790. The holiday was established by Federal Law No. 32-FZ of March 13, 1995 "On the days of military glory (victory days) in Russia."

The Politics of Charles I. The Attempt to Make Peace The death of Franz Joseph was undoubtedly one of the psychological prerequisites leading to the destruction of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was not an outstanding ruler, but became a symbol of stability for three generations of his subjects. In addition, the character of Franz Joseph

"Keep my name honest and menacing!" Ivan III Ivan Vasilyevich was the second son of Grand Duke Vasily II and his wife Maria Yaroslavna. He was born in Moscow on January 22, 1440 in a turbulent historical period. In the country, flaring up, then fading, there was a strife between the descendants of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Dmitry

The glory of Kutuzov is inextricably linked with the glory of Russia. Pushkin 270 years ago, on September 16, 1745, the great Russian commander, Count, His Serene Highness Prince, Field Marshal General Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov was born. The name of Kutuzov is forever inscribed in Russian history and military chronicle. His whole life was

“In order to reach the pinnacle in any field of art, you need to work incessantly and improve your skills. I am convinced that this truth is immutable. But where did Utesov come from then, who, judging by what he knows how to do perfectly, would take two hundred years to