In addition to equipping its radio engineering units with modern means of lighting the air situation, Iran pays great attention to the creation of combat information and control systems. Before the beginning of the 2000s, command posts were equipped with outdated automatic control systems produced in the 1970s and 1980s, American, Chinese and Soviet. For the most part, this equipment is badly worn out and no longer corresponds to modern realities. Maintaining it in a working condition is extremely difficult, since the outdated element base has not been produced for a long time. If deliveries of Chinese and Soviet-made components are still possible, then the situation with American radio-electronic units is very bad. Moreover, the Americans are zealous to ensure that their even heavily outdated military equipment does not end up in Iran. Under these conditions, the Iranian leadership has relied on the development of its own automated control systems and the purchase of modern means of combat control abroad, mainly in the PRC and in Russia. In addition, the Iranians, like the Chinese, quite pragmatically do not "bother" with the problems of observance of intellectual property rights, and in the conditions of the sanctions imposed against Iran, they pull everything that "lies badly". The attempts of Iranian intelligence to obtain the latest developments of Western European manufacturers of communications and air defense systems were repeatedly recorded. From the means of combat control of Soviet and Russian production, the IRI air defense forces have: Senezh-M1E automated control system (supplied together with the S-200VE air defense missile system), Baikal-1ME (S-300PMU-2 air defense system) and Ranzhir-M1 (SAM "Tor-M2E" and ZRPK "Pantsir-S1E").
Also, considerable attention in Iran is paid to the development of electronic warfare systems. The crews of the American RC-135 V / W, EP-3E and P-8A reconnaissance aircraft, regularly flying in neutral airspace along the Iranian coast, have repeatedly recorded very effective interference suppressing airborne radio systems. After the loss over Iranian territory in December 2011 of the RQ-170 Sentinel UAV, the Americans were forced to revise their assessments of Iranian capabilities in the field of electronic warfare.
In the past few years, Iranian television has repeatedly demonstrated mobile automated command and control systems and air defense command posts, equipped with modern means of processing and displaying information.
The exchange of data between radar control of the air situation, headquarters and command centers of air defense, control points of air defense missile systems and guidance of fighter-interceptors is carried out via high-speed underground fiber-optic lines, radio relay and tropospheric radio communications are also widely used. In total, there are more than 160 communication centers, receiving and transmitting radio centers on the territory of the country. Iran's tropospheric communication system includes more than 40 stations. It is reported that during the exercises that took place in October 2016, Aseman protected radio equipment with a range of up to 150 km was used to work with air defense units deployed in field positions.
The air defense system of the Islamic Republic is divided into 9 districts, each of which has regional command posts capable of conducting command and control of troops independently. According to data published in open sources, regional command and control units are in charge of the actions of air defense brigades.
Layout of the air defense command post on the territory of Iran
Mixed brigades include anti-aircraft artillery and missile units, as well as their own air reconnaissance assets. The highest density of anti-aircraft units is observed around strategically important facilities in northwestern Iran, and also partly along the coast of the Persian and Hormuz Gulfs. In each region, from 4 to 9 anti-aircraft missile divisions are deployed, which protect important administrative-industrial areas, oil refineries, nuclear fuel processing centers and nuclear power plants. At the same time, the areas bordering Afghanistan and Pakistan are practically not covered, from where the threat of an air attack can also emanate.
Layout of medium and long-range air defense systems on the territory of Iran as of 2012
As follows from the presented layout, there are no medium and long-range anti-aircraft complexes in these directions. At the same time, not so long ago, modern Chinese-made JY-14 radars were deployed in the border areas, which reflects the intention of the Iranian leadership to gradually cover these areas as well. Perhaps, as modern anti-aircraft systems enter service, not the most modern air defense systems will be sent to secondary areas.
Satellite image of Google Earth: air defense command post in the Khavar Shahr area
The central command post of the air defense, from where the air defense forces of the capital region are also controlled, is located in the Khavar Shahr area. There is a multi-storey underground bunker, more than 200 meters long, covered from above with a thick layer of reinforced concrete. Two anti-aircraft battalions of the S-300PMU-2 air defense system and the Mersad air defense system (Iranian version of the MIM-23 I-Hawk) are deployed in its vicinity, and there are also numerous anti-aircraft artillery positions.
After the end of the Iran-Iraq war, significant efforts were made to strengthen the combat potential of Iranian anti-aircraft missile units. Back in the mid-80s, work began on the restoration and modernization of the MIM-23 I-Hawk air defense systems purchased under the Shah. With the implementation of "import substitution", the localization of the production of the radio-electronic base and the creation of solid fuel formulations, Iranian specialists were able to organize the production of their own analogue, which received the name Mersad. It is possible that this matter was not without Chinese help. But one thing can be said for sure, with 100% probability: Chinese components are used in the air defense systems assembled in Iran.
SAM Mersad
The Iranian version of the MIM-23V missile defense system was named Shahin. In 2011, information was made public about the introduction of a new SAM Shalamcheh into the Mersad air defense system, in which, compared to Shahin, noise immunity was improved and the probability of destruction was increased. Outwardly, it does not differ from the previous American and Iranian missiles of the I-Hawk family. According to Iranian statements, the new missile uses an improved guidance system and a more effective warhead. Thanks to the high-power solid-propellant engine, the launch range is increased to 40 km.
The launcher also did not undergo any special changes, but the hardware of the complex has been radically modernized. Almost all electronics have been transferred to a modern solid-state element base. The filling of the target illumination and target designation stations at high and medium altitudes has completely changed. Due to the increased energy characteristics of radar facilities, noise immunity and detection range have increased. The complex includes a compact radar for detecting low-altitude targets in the centimeter range. Modern means of information display are used in the control cabin.
In addition to the towed version, in order to increase mobility, several modifications of the Mersad air defense system on self-propelled wheeled and tracked chassis were realized. At the firing position, all elements of the complex are interconnected by cable lines.
Since Iran has gained access to modern Russian-made mobile complexes since the beginning of the 90s, modifications of the Mersad air defense system on a cargo and tracked chassis did not become widespread and a towed version was mainly produced. At the moment, about two dozen Mersad air defense systems have been deployed in Iran, which completely replaced the worn out MIM-23 I-Hawk.
As already mentioned in the first part of the review, in the late 80s and early 90s, 14 HQ-2J air defense systems were delivered to Iran from the PRC. At the beginning of the 21st century, Iran began the modernization of the Chinese clone of the S-75 air defense system and established its own production of anti-aircraft missiles designated Sayyad.
SAM Sayyad
Bulky liquid-propellant missiles with a radio command guidance system are now perceived as rarities of the Cold War era. Nevertheless, work on their improvement was carried out until recently. Following the first version of the missile defense system, a modification with a thermal homing head appeared. Apparently, the TGSN is used in conjunction with a radio command guidance system, at the end of the trajectory, in the immediate vicinity of the target.
Satellite image of Google Earth: the position of the Iranian air defense system HQ-2J near the naval base of Bandar Abbas
Recently, HQ-2Js have been gradually replaced by more advanced anti-aircraft systems. These air defense systems with six launchers located around the guidance station are perfectly visible from space. In the pictures taken in 2016, only 5 active stationary positions can be observed. At the same time, at two positions on the launchers there are no missiles, and at the rest, the number of missiles is less than the prescribed number. Most likely, this is due to the unwillingness to spend forces and funds on maintenance, equipment and refueling of missiles, whose combat value in modern conditions is very doubtful. The interference immunity of the HQ-2J is low, and the relocation time is completely unsatisfactory.
Even 10-15 years ago, at military parades and exhibitions of military equipment held in Tehran, elements of the mobile Kvadrat air defense system (an export version of the Soviet Cube air defense system on a tracked chassis) were regularly demonstrated. It first appeared in the Islamic Republic back in the 80s, but it is not clear where this complex came from there.
Foreign media reported that several batteries were supplied from Russia in the second half of the 90s. However, this is unlikely, since in our country by that time the "Kub" air defense systems were removed from service, and their production ended in the early 80s. Most likely, Iran acquired "Kvadrata" in one of the Eastern European countries, with Romania most often appearing as a potential supplier. At the moment, due to the development of the resource of the hardware and missiles, the Iranian air defense systems "Kvadrat" are most likely not in operation. In any case, in recent years they have not been seen at parades and exercises.
In 2005, information appeared that the Moscow enterprise OJSC GPTP Granit received an order for the modernization of Iranian air defense systems "Kvadrat". This modernization took place in a very peculiar way. Simultaneously with the extension of the resource of the few Iranian "Squares" and their anti-aircraft missiles, the Iranian Republic began assembling mobile Raad air defense systems on wheeled chassis, with missiles that outwardly strongly resemble the Soviet 9M38 missiles used in the Buk-M1.
SAM Raad
These missiles were later also used in the complexes known in the West as Khordad and Tabas-1. A common feature of Iranian mobile military medium-range air defense systems is the use of a wheelbase that looks much like the MZKT-6922 off-road transporter.
For the first time, the new complex was demonstrated at a military parade in September 2012. As Iranian general Ami Ali Hajizadeh stated, speaking on Iranian television, the Raad air defense system is capable of striking air targets within a radius of 45 kilometers and at an altitude of 22,000 meters. There is little detailed information in open sources about the new Iranian complex. The full composition of the air defense missile system, the type and characteristics of the detection radar is unknown. However, by analogy with the Buk air defense missile system, it can be assumed that the battery includes both conventional SPUs without radar equipment, and self-propelled firing units with target illumination radar. In addition to a special off-road wheeled chassis, a variant of the Raad air defense system mounted on heavy three-axle trucks is known. Given the fact that a significant part of Iran's territory is a fairly flat desert area, the existence of such a cheaper modification seems to be quite justified.
Conceptually, these Iranian anti-aircraft systems on a wheeled chassis are similar to the export Buk-M2E air defense system. Missiles are also launched after the combat vehicles have been suspended on jacks. Compared to the Russian air defense systems of the Buk family, the wheeled modification is somewhat cheaper, but it has the worst cross-country ability.
It is possible that in this case we are talking about different versions of the same complex, which differ slightly from each other in details. This seems quite likely, since the Iranian leadership is trying in every possible way to embellish its achievements and create the illusion of a large number of different types of air defense systems in service. It can be assumed that the creation of Iranian anti-aircraft systems and missiles structurally and in their characteristics close to the Russian "Buk" is carried out with the support of Russia in the form of the supply of technical documentation and components.
In 1992, 3 S-200VE "Vega-E" air defense systems (channels) and 48 "export" V-880E air defense missile systems were delivered to Iran from Russia. This "strategic" anti-aircraft complex with a range of destruction of high-altitude targets up to 240 km, has become the "long arm" of the Iranian air defense. In all modifications of the S-200 air defense missile systems, semi-active homing is used, while the missile defense system independently aims at the radar signal reflected by the target, generated by the target illumination radar.
Iranian SAM V-880E on the launcher PU 5P72VE
Apparently, the contract for the supply of the S-200VE was signed when the USSR was still in existence, and Russia had to implement it. In 1992, serial production of the S-300PM air defense systems with a comparable launch range had already begun in our country, and in connection with the large-scale reduction of the armed forces, the S-200 air defense systems were removed from positions. With unrivaled in many respects up to now, the characteristics of the S-200 family of air defense systems are very cumbersome and problematic in operation. Toxic triethylaminexylidine (TG-02) is used as a flammable liquid-propellant rocket engine, and nitric acid with the addition of nitrogen tetroxide is extremely aggressive as an oxidizing agent. The rocket should be refueled with fuel and oxidizer in protective rubberized suits and insulating gas masks. Neglect of protective equipment can lead to very serious consequences, up to death.
Unlike the USSR, where a scheme for equipping a firing position for six launchers was adopted, in Iran there are two 5P72VE launchers for one 5N62VE target illumination radar, which is most likely due to the limited number of missiles supplied. Opposite the launchers, about 30 meters away, reinforced concrete storage facilities for spare missiles were built. From there, the missiles should be fed to the launcher along specially laid rails, thus reducing the reload time to a minimum. Despite the fact that in Iran the number of launchers at positions has been reduced by three times in comparison with the Soviet version of deployment, the careful engineering preparation of positions is noteworthy. Well-fortified reinforced concrete bunkers have been built for personnel and equipment.
Satellite image of Google Earth: C-200VE stationary position near Esfahan
Apparently, in the second half of the 90s, an additional batch of missiles and guidance stations, as well as spare parts, were sent to Iran. At the beginning of the 2000s, 5 long-range air defense systems were on duty in the Islamic Republic. The C-200VE positions were located near Tehran (2 zrdn), near the Hamadan airbase (1 zrdn), near Esfahan (1 zrdn) and 10 km east of the main naval base Bandar Abbas (1 zrdn).
Not a single major air defense exercise was complete without spectacular launches of long-range anti-aircraft missiles. Each time it was widely covered by the state Iranian television and received a wide response in the world media.
About 10 years ago, Iran announced the "modernization" of the S-200VE air defense system and the creation of its own missile. It was even said about the creation of a "mobile" version, which later was not confirmed. Most likely, by "modernization", Iranian officials meant refurbishment and partial transfer to a solid-state element base. Most likely, during the modernization of the S-200VE, Iran received outside assistance. A number of military experts point out that the developer and executor of the modernization program was the Belarusian company Tetraedr OJSC, which since 2001 has specialized in the modernization of Soviet-made air defense systems.
Satellite image of Google Earth: C-200VE stationary position 10 km south of Ahmadabad airfield near Tehran
At present, the life cycle of the Iranian S-200VE is nearing completion. This can be seen very clearly on satellite images. Even though the number of launchers in Iranian battalions has been reduced to two, in the past few years, missiles tend to be contaminated with only one "cannon". The reason for this may be both a shortage of conditioned missiles and the complexity and laboriousness of their refueling and equipment. But you should not expect a quick write-off of "two hundred" in Iran, they remain in service for at least 5-7 years. By and large, the S-200VE deployed in Iran at stationary positions are "peacetime complexes." They are almost ideal for countering airspace intruders such as the RC-135 V / W electronic reconnaissance aircraft or the high-altitude U-2S and RQ-4 Global Hawk, but are ineffective against cruise missiles or tactical and carrier-based aircraft operating at low altitudes, and extremely vulnerable due to stationary placement. There is no doubt that in the event of a collision with a technologically strong enemy, all Iranian "two hundred" will be quickly neutralized.
In 2013, Iranian Defense Minister Brigadier General Hossein Dehkan presented a new Talash long-range anti-aircraft missile system with Sayyad-2 SAM. A number of experts agree that this rocket is based on the American RIM-66 SM-1MR. During the reign of the Shah, American-built Iranian Navy warships were armed with medium-range anti-aircraft missiles.
Externally, the Talash SAM launcher is very reminiscent of the American MIM-104 Patriot. According to the information announced at the presentation, the range of the aimed launch of the Sayyad-2 missile defense system with a semi-active radar guidance system reaches 100 km.
At the same time, there is no reliable information about radars for target detection and illumination. It is possible that the Hafes radar, demonstrated at the exhibition of the achievements of the Iranian defense industry in conjunction with the Sayyad-2 and Sayyad-3 missiles, is intended to target missiles.
According to information announced in the Iranian media, the range of destruction of air targets by Sayyad-3 missiles should reach 200 km. However, it is not known how far the Talash SAM program has advanced and how much the new missiles are capable of fighting modern air attack.
At a recent Iranian air defense exercise, held in December 2016 in the area where Sayyad-2 missiles were launched, equipment rooms based on three-axle Iveco trucks with rotating parabolic antennas in the upper part of the van hit the lenses of photos and television cameras. Some military observers are inclined to believe that these were anti-aircraft missile guidance stations.
Attempts to independently create in Iran medium-range anti-aircraft systems designed to cover their own troops in the frontline zone and long-range anti-aircraft systems for protectioninfrastructure facilities, industry and administrative centers, reflects the intention to build a multi-level air defense system. At the same time, in the concept of building the air defense of the Islamic Republic, one can see the approach adopted in the USSR, when highly mobile complexes with attached radar detection equipment were created for the air defense units of the Ground Forces. And the country's air defense troops received anti-aircraft systems, albeit not having such maneuverability on the ground, but much more suitable for carrying long combat duty, with long-range surveillance radars and high-performance automated control systems.
The creation of a long-range anti-aircraft missile system Bavar-373 in Iran fits within the framework of this concept. According to Iranian officials, this air defense system was quickly developed in response to the cancellation of the S-300P delivery in 2010. Soon, during a military parade in Tehran, individual elements of the Bavar-373 air defense system were presented.
Initially, many experts considered that Iran was once again bluffing and the demonstrated self-propelled SPUs, nothing more than mock-ups. However, in August 2014, the first test launches of Sayyad-4 anti-aircraft missiles took place, which was confirmed by US intelligence data.
Iranian President Hassan Rohani and Defense Minister Hossein Deghan next to the new Bavar-373 air defense system in Tehran. August 21, 2016
According to the statement of Defense Minister Hossein Dehkan, made during the demonstration of the new air defense system to Iranian President Hassan Rohani, in August 2016, the new anti-aircraft system should be put into mass production in the near future to surpass the Russian C-300PMU-2 air defense system in terms of its characteristics. According to Hossein Dehkan, the new Sayyad-4 missile defense system is capable of destroying not only combat aircraft and drones, but also hitting cruise and ballistic missiles at a distance of 250 km. It is noteworthy that the first Bavar-373 SPUs were initially demonstrated with transport and launch containers resembling the S-300P air defense missile system. However, later, self-propelled launchers with rectangular TPK were shown. It is reported that, unlike the S-300P air defense systems, Iranian missiles use a "hot" start.
But the veracity of the words of the Iranian defense minister is questionable, since in this case there would be no point in purchasing the Russian S-300PMU-2. To create an anti-aircraft missile capable of intercepting targets at the declared range is a most difficult task that Iranian specialists are unlikely to be able to solve in the near future. And it's not just about developing efficient solid fuel formulations. Designing guidance systems capable of operating at this range is truly an extraordinary task. Of course, Iranian specialists have some experience in modernizing and setting up serial production of American and Chinese first-generation air defense systems, but this is most likely not enough to create a missile defense system that is not inferior in its characteristics to the family of Russian 48N6 missiles with a semi-active radar homing head and radio correction on the trajectory. To understand the essence of the issue, it is probably worth recalling that in 1978, the first radio command anti-aircraft missile of the 5V55K type used in the S-300PT air defense system had a launch range of only 47 km, which was comparable to the range of destruction of the latest modifications of the C-75 air defense system. Only in 1984, for the S-300PS air defense system, the 5V55R missile defense system was adopted, in which, thanks to the use of a semi-active RGSN, the launch range was brought to 75 km. In the future, an improved 5V55RM rocket appeared with a far border of the affected area of 90 km. S-300PS with 5V55RM missiles are still serving in the Russian Aerospace Forces, and despite their advanced age, they pose a threat to modern air attack weapons. Taking into account all of the above, we can come to the conclusion that if Iran even managed to create an anti-aircraft system capable of comparing with the S-300PS in its characteristics, this can be considered a very good result. Countries where modern medium and long-range anti-aircraft systems are being created today can literally be counted on one hand, and this is not surprising, given the fact that to create effective anti-aircraft missile weapons, a base is needed in the form of a developed scientific and design school, a modern electronic industry and basic research baggage. As you know, the Islamic Republic does not fully have all this.
Also, as part of the new Iranian air defense system, a mobile three-coordinate radar Meraj-4 should be used. This mobile radar has been spotted on several occasions in Iranian television coverage. Again, according to the unconfirmed statements of the Iranians, its characteristics are comparable to the 64N6E2 detection radar, which is part of the S-300PMU-2 air defense system.
Comparison of the air defense systems created in Iran with the S-300PMU-2 system is by no means accidental. Iran began probing the soil for the acquisition of modern Russian-made long-range systems about 15 years ago. In November 2003, the first preliminary consultations were held regarding the purchase of at least 5 S-300PMU-1 air defense missiles (export version of the S-300PM with a range of up to 150 km). Iran needed modern long-range anti-aircraft systems primarily to protect its nuclear facilities, in the face of increasing pressure from the United States. At the same time, there was also a great threat of strikes by the Israeli Air Force. As you know, Israel is extremely sensitive about the attempts to acquire nuclear weapons by its unfriendly neighbors. That the Israeli Air Force is capable of successful long-range raids has been confirmed more than once. For example, on September 6, 2007, Israeli F-15Is, entering from Turkey, destroyed the Syrian nuclear facility in the Deir el-Zor area (more details here: Operation Fruit Orchard).
Negotiations on the supply of the S-300PMU-1 went on for several years, and at the end of December 2007, Iranian Defense Minister Mostafa Mohammad Najar made public the information about the conclusion of a contract with Rosoboronexport worth $ 800 million. After that, strong pressure from the United States began on the Russian leadership and Israel. In 2010, shortly after the UN Security Council adopted a resolution calling for a sanction against Iran, our country canceled the deal. In response, in April 2011, Iran filed a lawsuit against Rosoboronexport in the amount of $ 900 million with the OSCE Court of Conciliation and Arbitration. During preliminary hearings, Iranian representatives said that the supply of Russian anti-aircraft systems should not fall under a UN Security Council resolution, since the contract was signed before the imposition of sanctions against Iran. In this case, the Iranians were absolutely in their own right, and the supply of defensive anti-aircraft systems did not threaten the security of other countries. Having found itself in a rather difficult situation, the Russian government offered instead of the S-300PMU-1 mobile short-range air defense systems "Tor-M1E", which in turn was rejected by Iran. According to Iranian Ambassador to the Russian Federation Mahmoud Reza Sajadi, a special multi-level air defense system of the country has been developed in the Islamic Republic, and in this system "Tor" is not capable of replacing the long-range S-300PMU-1 air defense systems. In September 2011, the Iranian side announced that Russia had returned $ 166.8 million received as an advance payment.
In April 2015, Vladimir Putin lifted the ban on the supply of S-300 air defense systems to Iran. However, the practical implementation of the contract was hampered by the fact that by that time the production of anti-aircraft systems of the S-300P family in Russia had been curtailed and the S-400 was being built at the existing production facilities. Iran was offered the Antey-2500 air defense system (an improved version of the S-300V). However, this proposal did not meet with understanding, since the military S-300V is largely focused on repelling the strikes of short-range ballistic missiles and its ability to carry out long-term combat duty and fire performance is worse than that of the S-300P object anti-aircraft systems. Nevertheless, the parties managed to agree, and the lawsuit against Russia was withdrawn. At the same time, the number of anti-aircraft battalions supplied to Iran decreased to four, and the cost of the contract increased slightly. As follows from the information published in the media, Iran was offered a more advanced modification of the S-300PMU-2 compared to the original version. However, it is not clear where these systems came from, whether it was necessary to re-establish their production, or whether they were modified to the export version of the S-300PM from the presence of the Russian Aerospace Forces.
Satellite image of Google Earth: S-300PMU-2 in the Khavar Shahr area
Delivery of four S-300PMU-2 divisions to Iran was carried out in several batches during 2016. Judging by the satellite images, the first S-300PMU-2 missile launchers were put on alert in July 2016. They are deployed at the former positions of the S-200VE air defense system on the southern outskirts of Tehran and in the immediate vicinity of the air defense command post in the Khavar Shahr area.
Satellite image of Google Earth: S-300PMU-2 on the southern outskirts of Tehran
In March 2017, a video was released showing the real launches of the S-300PMU-2 during the Damavand exercise, which indicates that the Iranian calculations have at least partially mastered the new technology. But, judging by the published American data and fresh satellite images, not all air defense systems delivered from Russia have yet begun to be on permanent alert.
The S-300PMU-2 long-range anti-aircraft missile systems are certainly capable of seriously increasing the potential of the Iranian air defense system. This, in turn, in the Russian media gave rise to overly optimistic statements such as:
All strategically important military-industrial facilities of Iran, port cities on the Persian Gulf coast, research centers, including the nuclear research center in Esfahan, are now covered by the recently delivered Russian S-300PMU-2 Favorit air defense systems consisting of 4 divisions. The divisions are optimally distributed to protect the airspace over Bandar Abbas, Bushehr, Esfahan and Tehran.
Such statements, which do not correspond to the same deployment areas, are quite irresponsible. Authors writing this should remember that even the most advanced anti-aircraft system in itself does not guarantee the inviolability of protected objects, since a lot depends on the assigned outfit of air attack weapons and the duration of hostilities. In addition, the Iranian air defense is still very far from perfect, it has many problem areas. Four stars are physically unable to cover the entire territory of not the smallest state. The number of anti-aircraft missiles in positions is not infinite, and countries that can be expected to attack Iran have the technical ability to overwhelm the air defense system with an excessive number of air targets, such as UAVs and cruise missiles. As you know, in the past, American and Israeli pilots actively learned to break through air defense lines, during joint NATO exercises on the S-300PMU and S-300PMU-1 air defense systems available in Greece, Slovakia and Bulgaria. And although Iran has been supplied with a more modern and long-range modification of the Russian air defense system than the S-300P that are in service with the NATO countries, it is not necessary to say that the Iranian air defense has become absolutely impregnable.
