Meeting Churchill and Roosevelt aboard the battleship Prince of Wales. August 1941 Source:
After the first in the history of the industrial revolution, the unlimited sources of raw materials and the market for the products of their factories and plants in Britain were provided by her huge empire, over which the sun never set. “The British fundamentally forbade the development of industry in the colonies, this is what gave the British factories a load. The British fleet (merchant and military) - the largest, most powerful and modern in the world - provided the loading of the British shipyards, which, in turn, gave orders to metallurgical, steel-rolling and metal-working enterprises "(O. Yegorov Pax Britannica. Revolution // http: / /topwar.ru/85621-pax-britannica-revolyuciya-polnaya-versiya-vchera-statya-avtorazmestilas-pri-zakrytii-brauzera-izvinite.html). It was "during this period that Britain formulated the key principle of foreign policy - the fight against the strongest continental power, as having the greatest potential for damaging British interests" (A. Samsonov How England became the "mistress of the seas" // https://topwar.ru/84777 -kak-angliya-stala-vladychicey-morey.html).
The first onslaught of France, which repeated the industrial revolution against the domination of the British Empire, led it to the loss of most of “its first colonial empire by the end of the 18th century (the second was created already in the 19th century). French trade yielded to the British, the French fleet could no longer challenge the British "(A. Samsonov How England became the" ruler of the seas ". Ibid). The industrial revolution of the late 19th century in Japan was put at the service of Britain - Japan became a faithful guardian of the imperial borders in the Pacific Ocean from the encroachments of Russia, which was on the verge of the industrial revolution, as well as Germany and America, who had made the industrial revolution, rushed to the Pacific region in search of a market. To prevent rapprochement and eliminate its competitors, Britain, having unleashed the First World War, achieved a revolution in Russia and, with the direct participation of America, the defeat of Germany, turning both empires into pariahs.
Woodrow Wilson, who declared in Versailles about American exceptionalism, America's messianism and its leadership, was ridiculed and did not sign the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. However, America did not give up and, left alone with England, challenged her. Having prepared a "red" and "red-orange" plan of war against Great Britain and Japan as a last resort (Military plan "Red" // https://ru.wikipedia.org; Colored military plans of the United States // https:// ru. wikipedia.org) America first achieved the dissolution of the Anglo-Japanese alliance, then brought Hitler to power and set him on England. Waiting for the hopeless position of Britain, America began to dictate its terms to her.
The United States with anyone "did not intend to share the scepter of power" (Yakovlev N. N. FDR - man and politician. The Pearl Harbor Mystery: Selected Works. - M.: International Relations, 1988. - S. 350), especially with England … According to Oles Buzina, “one should not think that Roosevelt was a philanthropist who was going to save the world out of a desire to take the most honorable place in paradise. America provided assistance to allies only for money and recognition of its vision of the future structure of the world. The United States twisted its arms even to its historical ancestral home - Great Britain”(Buzina O. Pearl Harbor - Roosevelt's setup // https://www.buzina.org/publications/660-perl-harbor-podstava-rusvelta.html). “The desire of American circles to use Lend-Lease supplies to restrict British world trade … has caused … considerable tension. The British government was forced to make a statement that the materials received from the USA will not be used for the production of goods for export”(Great Britain in World War II //
At the same time, free trade was more profitable than protectionism for America, occupying a leading position in the world economy, and therefore “Roosevelt demanded that Churchill open the way for American goods to the British colonies. The fat man with a cigar resisted: “Mr. President, England does not intend for a moment to give up its advantageous position in the British dominions. The trade that brought greatness to England will continue on the terms set by the British ministers. " But the American president continued to persistently educate his British counterpart: "Somewhere along this line, you and I may have some disagreements." (Buzina O. Pearl Harbor - Roosevelt's setup. Ibid.).
Churchill, who was in the most severe dependence on supplies under Lend-Lease, in particular, and Roosevelt's policies in general, found it extremely difficult to defend British interests. His appeal on May 4 was, if not a prayer, then a cry from the heart. “The only thing,” he inspired Roosevelt, “that can save the situation, is the immediate joining of the United States to us as a belligerent power …” (Yakovlev N. N. FDR - man and politician. Pearl Harbor Mystery: Selected Works. Decree. op - p. 330) The subsequent flight of Hess to England and the German attack on the USSR reduced the threat to Britain from Germany, but in no way shaken its dependence on America's location. forced to give up his position and on board the battleship Prince of Wales to sign the Atlantic Charter - a joint statement on the goals of the war and the principles of the post-war organization. countries - great or small, victors or vanquished - would have access on an equal basis to trade and to the world's sources of raw materials.”In practice, these beautiful layers va meant that the world's raw materials should go to the strongest - that is, the United States of America”(Buzina O. Pearl Harbor - Roosevelt's setup. Ibid).
According to Mikhail Weller, “the free trade zone is … this is the most important clause of the Atlantic Charter … As a result, all the British colonies, mandated territories, and so on, turned out to be a free trade zone for American goods. That's it - the colonies have become unprofitable. That was the end of the British Empire. Such was the Atlantic aid - the charter, such was the cooperation "(M. Weller. Author's program" Just Think … ". Air from October 18, 2015 // https://echo.msk.ru/programs/just_think/1641404-echo/) … On September 24, 1941, the USSR and other countries joined the charter. Thus, the leadership in the anti-Hitler coalition, as well as in the post-war world order, passed to America. At the same time, Roosevelt was unable to get the Japanese to agree to the creation of a free trade zone in the Pacific Ocean. At the same time, it is difficult to say whether it was a defeat or a victory, since the war with Japan suited him almost more than peace with her, even on American terms.
On July 24, 1941, Japan sent troops into the territory of the French colonies in Indochina. In response, Roosevelt “already on July 26 … announced a sequestration, or, more simply, confiscated all Japanese assets in the United States and announced a complete trade embargo. At the insistence of the United States, the United Kingdom imposed the same embargo. Japan was left without oil and raw materials. There was nowhere to buy it, since the countries friendly to Japan were blocked by the British fleet, and there was nothing for it, since the main foreign assets were confiscated! Without oil and other raw materials, Japanese industry would have collapsed in a few months. Japan had to negotiate with the United States or seize the sources of raw materials by force. The Japanese chose negotiations "(How Roosevelt provoked the Japanese attack // www.wars20century.ru/publ/10-1-0-22) and on August 8 Konoe suggested that Roosevelt meet," sit down at the table and discuss controversial issues on a peaceful basis "(What happened in Pearl Harbor. Documents about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. - Moscow: Military Publishing, 1961 //
On 17 August, Roosevelt gave his consent to the meeting, and on 28 Konoe. On September 3, Roosevelt confirmed his consent, insisting on discussing the main conditions and concluding a preliminary agreement with its subsequent fixation in a personal meeting. Since the interests of the parties were diametrically opposed, Roosevelt was simply afraid of the futility of the meeting. While Japan demanded that America come to terms with its alliance with Germany and Italy, recognize China as its sphere of undivided influence and resume the supply of raw materials, primarily oil, the United States demanded that Japan “return to the situation that existed before the Manchu incident of 1931, withdraw troops from China and French Indochina, stop supporting the government of Manchukuo and the Nanking government, annul the tripartite pact "(History of the Second World War. 1939-1945. In 12 volumes. Vol. 4 // https://www.istorya.ru/ book / ww2 / 181.php). At the same time, the Americans proposed by no means "fantastic principles aimed at preserving the old order, but a well-balanced, constructive, practical and forward-looking plan for resolving disputed problems and creating order" (What happened at Pearl Harbor. Documents on Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941. Ibid).
As part of his doctrine, Roosevelt suggested that the Japanese abandon the achievement of their political and economic goals through the use of force and committing external aggression within the framework of the "tyranny of the so-called new order" and instead achieve them peacefully and legally together with the proclaiming "a more magnificent concept of moral order" based on "four fundamental human freedoms" (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear of being subjected to external aggression) by a respectable democratic society led by America (Lebedev S. America vs. England. Part 17. Big stakes of the Great Game / / https://topwar.ru/86606-prover-amerika-protiv-anglii-chast-17-bolshie-stavki-bolshoy-igry.html). To this end, Roosevelt called on Japan to join the anti-Hitler coalition, withdraw Japanese troops from China and Indochina, and recognize the Pacific region as a free trade zone.
The Pacific sales market, the Americans explained to the Japanese, will make it possible for both America and England to enrich themselves together with Japan. Meanwhile, the American proposal required Japan to radically transform both its external and internal lines of behavior. Unlike England, Japan remained true to its positions and insisted on its terms. “On September 6, at a meeting with the participation of the emperor, a plan was adopted for an attack on the Dutch East Indies with the aim of seizing vital oil fields and other natural resources. All other conquests in Southeast Asia were planned with the main goal - to protect the routes of communication with the East Indies "(Jowett F. Japanese Army. 1931-1942 / Transl. From English. AI Kozlov; Artist S. Andrew. - M.: AST; Astrel, 2003.-- P. 19 // https://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/141454/Yaponskaya_armiya_1931-1942.pdf). On September 20, at a regular meeting of the Coordination Committee, the military, in an ultimatum, demanded that Konoe "make a decision on the start of hostilities no later than October 15" (Yakovlev N. N. FDR - man and politician. The Pearl Harbor Mystery: Selected Works. Decree. Op. - S. 634-636).
On September 28, Secretary of State Hell told Roosevelt that Japan, having further narrowed the basis for reaching an agreement on the American project, still continues to insist on meeting in Juneau to implement its … was staged … for the first time; point out her tougher position at the present time, ask if she would agree to resume preliminary negotiations on the main issues in order to reach an agreement in principle on them before organizing the meeting, and at the same time re-emphasize your agreement to the meeting "(What happened in Pearl Harbor. Documents on the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Ibid.). On October 2, Roosevelt refused to meet with Konoe, saying to the Japanese ambassador that the condition of the meeting "should be a preliminary explanation by Japan of its attitude to the Triple Pact, the goals of the stay of Japanese troops in China and its attitude to" equal opportunities "in international trade" (Yakovlev N. N. USA and England in World War II //
“The American response has caused an increase in aggressive sentiment in Tokyo. On October 9, at a meeting of the coordination council, the military leaders said that, in their opinion, there were currently no grounds for continuing negotiations, and that Japan should decide to start a war”(History of World War II, ibid.). Disagreements arose between the prime minister and Japanese military leaders on the prospects for further negotiations with the United States. "The Konoe government, insisting that it is possible to achieve satisfaction of Japan's demands through negotiations, lost face in the eyes of the militarists" (Yakovlev NN USA and England in World War II. Ibid.).
On October 15, a government crisis erupted in Japan and on October 16, the Konoe government resigned. The new government of General Tojo, which came to power on October 18, set a course for accelerating preparations for war with the United States and Great Britain. On November 5, at the Privy Council of the emperor, it was decided to start the advancement of the armed forces, but the negotiations did not stop and to make two proposals to the American government, conventionally called Plan A and Plan B. And if the negotiations before November 25 are not crowned with success, start the war on December 8 (Tokyo time). On November 7, Nomura handed Hull the first draft, and "On November 10, 1941 … Vice Admiral Nagumo issued Operational Order No. 1, ordering all ships to complete combat preparations by November 20, 1941" (What happened at Pearl Harbor. Documents of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 //
On November 15, Hell responded to the Japanese ambassador with a rejection of his proposals for international trade and the Triple Pact, calling them unacceptable. According to him, "the crowd will lynch him, the secretary of state, if he comes to an agreement with Japan, bound by firm commitments with Germany" (Yakovlev N. N. FDR - man and politician. Pearl Harbor Mystery: Selected Works. Op. - P. 655) In response, on the same day, “on November 15, the imperial headquarters and the Japanese government adopted the document“Basic principles of waging war against the United States, Great Britain and Holland”. It defined the goals of the war, areas of seizure of territories, forms of the occupation regime, methods of conducting psychological and economic warfare, etc. Following this, the deployment of the strike forces of the Japanese fleet began. " - Japanese. Why Japan did not attack the USSR. - M.: Veche, 2011. - P. 205). "From 17 to 22 November, the ships of the operational formation of Admiral Nagumo gathered in the Gulf of Tankan (Hitokapu) on the Iturup island in the group of the Kuril Islands" (Yakovlev N. N. FDR - man and politician. Pearl Harbor mystery: Selected works. Op. - S. 523-524).
On November 20, Hull received a new proposal from Japan, which required America to stop providing China with any material and moral support, while at the same time resuming oil supplies to Japan and thus helping her in the war with China. “The Secretary of State viewed the Japanese proposal of November 20, 1941 as an ultimatum, and … from that moment on, the matter was essentially reduced only to an attempt to delay the final break as long as possible in the hope that - in the words of Secretary of State Hull -“for this time is somewhere and something will happen quite suddenly. 03.html).
On November 22, Tokyo notified the Japanese embassy in Washington about the postponement of the end date of the negotiations from November 25 to November 29, simultaneously notifying that if the proposals of the Japanese side are not accepted before this deadline, events "will develop automatically" (Yakovlev N. N. USA and England in the Second World War // https://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000025/st031.shtml). On November 25, 1941, Germany, Japan, Italy, Hungary, Spain and Manchukuo extended the Anti-Comintern Pact for 5 years. “At the same time, Finland, Romania, Bulgaria, as well as the puppet governments of Croatia, Denmark, Slovakia that existed in the German-occupied territories, and the Wang Ching-wei government formed by the Japanese in the part of China occupied by them” (Anti-Comintern Pact // https:// ru.wikipedia.org).
In fact, Japan not only reaffirmed its adherence to Nazi Germany and fascist Italy, but also involved a puppet government in the occupied territory of China into their orbit. On the evening of November 25, the Commander-in-Chief of the United Fleet Yamamoto ordered Nagumo to begin advancing to strike the American fleet in Hawaii, notifying him, in case the negotiations were successful, to be ready for immediate return and dispersal (Yakovlev N. N. FDR - man and politician. Riddle Pearl Harbor: Selected Works, op. Cit. - p. 525). On the morning of November 26, 1941, the carrier formation headed for Pearl Harbor, the attack on which was intended to protect the Japanese conquests in Malaya and the Dutch East Indies from the US Pacific Fleet.
On November 25, Hull, during Roosevelt's meeting with the military, “noticed that Japan had raised a spear and could attack at any time. The President noted that the Japanese are known for their treachery and can attack without warning. He said that we might be attacked, for example, next Monday. " In the words of Secretary of War Stimson, “If you know that the enemy is about to attack you, then it is usually unwise to wait for him to seize the initiative and charge you. Nevertheless, despite the risks involved, we had to let Japan fire the first shot. This was necessary in order to get the full support of the American people, who had to know who the aggressor was "(What happened in Pearl Harbor. Documents on the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 // https:// militera. lib.ru/docs/da/sb_pearl_harbor/06.html).
As a result of the discussion, it was decided not to take any pre-emptive measures, but instead “to send the Japanese government a temporary agreement for a period of three months. During this time, negotiations were to be held with the aim of working out a comprehensive peaceful settlement of disputed problems throughout the Pacific Ocean, at the end of the modus vivendi agreement, both governments, at the request of either of them, were to discuss and determine whether to extend the period of the agreement on modus vivendi to achieve a final settlement”(What happened at Pearl Harbor. Documents on the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 // https://militera.lib.ru/docs/da/sb_pearl_harbor/19.html). However, events soon took a completely different turn.
Upon returning from the meeting at the War Department, Stimson was informed of "very alarming intelligence" about the beginning of a huge Japanese expeditionary force from Shanghai on 30, 40 or even 50 ships, advancing along the coast of China and being south of Formosa. According to Stimson, “we considered the attack on the Philippines as the main and most probable danger. Information on the movement of Japanese troops that we were able to obtain indicated that the troops were being transferred to the south, from where they could be sent to Indochina, the Malacca Peninsula, the Dutch East Indies or the Philippines. In making such conclusions, we were right. The attack on the Philippines was being prepared and immediately followed by the attack on Pearl Harbor. The movement of the naval forces that attacked Pearl Harbor remained completely unknown to us. " /sb_pearl_harbor/06.html).
Stimson immediately called Hull and sent a copy of the intelligence report to the president. On the morning of November 26, Hull "almost completely decided not to hand over to Japan the proposal for a three-month break," and Roosevelt, who had learned from Stimson in the morning about the new actions of the Japanese by telephone, "deeply outraged the treachery of Japan, which, on the one hand, was negotiating the withdrawal of its troops from China, and on the other hand, it sent new troops to Indochina "(What happened at Pearl Harbor. Documents about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Ibid). Under the circumstances, Roosevelt decisively presented the Japanese with a dilemma - either to accept completely and completely American conditions, or to commit aggression against America and its allies.
On November 26, Hull handed the Japanese ambassador a response to Japan's proposals. The United States demanded that it conclude a multilateral non-aggression pact between the British Empire, China, Holland, the Soviet Union, Thailand and the United States, withdraw all of its troops from China and Indochina, conclude a trade agreement based on mutual most favored nation policies and the elimination of both trade barriers. When Stimson asked "how are things with the Japanese - whether he handed them a new proposal, which we approved a few days ago, or did what he said yesterday, that is, he stopped negotiations altogether" Hell replied: "I wash my hands in this case. Now everything depends on you and Knox - the army and the navy. " After that I called the president. The President expressed it somewhat differently. He said that they stopped negotiations, but only after an excellent statement prepared by Hull. I learned later that there was nothing new in the statement and that it only confirmed our constant and usual position "(What happened at Pearl Harbor. Documents about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Ibid).
Meanwhile, the Japanese now took Hell's memorandum as an ultimatum. Wasting no time, the Americans began to prepare for the already inevitable attack. On November 26, the US government, using punch cards and IBM Hollerith calculating machines, previously used by Hitler in Germany to identify Jews, began sorting the 1930 and 1940 census data to identify Japanese and Japanese Americans living in the United States. Already on February 19, 1942, Roosevelt will instruct the military department to send 112 thousand Japanese, regardless of whether they had American citizenship or not, to concentration camps (IBM helped Hitler count Jews during the Holocaust // https://lenta.ru/world / 2001/02/12 / ibm /; Yakovlev N. N. FDR - a man and a politician. The mystery of Pearl Harbor: Selected works. Op. Cit. - p. 668).
On November 27, a warning was sent to the Commander of the Hawaiian Military District and the commander of three other districts in the Pacific Theater in Panama, the Philippines and the West Coast, including Alaska, warning of a possible start of war, stating the end of negotiations with Japan and the likelihood of hostilities on its part. … Moreover, it was emphasized that "if hostilities cannot be avoided, … it is desirable for the United States that Japan should be the first to commit an open hostile act" (What happened in Pearl Harbor. Documents about Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Ibid). On the same day, under the plausible pretext of transporting 50 fighters to the Wake and Midway Islands, the Ministry of War and the Navy ordered the aircraft carriers Enterprise and Lexington to be removed from Hawaii. Pearl Harbor left the Enterprise on November 28 and, having delivered 25 aircraft to Wake Island, turned back on December 4. The next day, December 5, Lexington left Pearl Harbor for Midway Island, however, having not yet reached Midway, he received an order to connect with the Enterprise (Yakovlev N. N. FDR - man and politician. Pearl Harbor mystery: Selected works, op. Cit. - p. 520).
On November 29, although no agreement was reached between the United States and Japan, Japan did not extend the deadline for negotiations. "On December 1, the Coordination Committee took the final decision on the war against the USA, England and Holland." According to Tojo, "It is now clear that Japanese demands cannot be met through negotiations." On the day of the beginning of the war, it was confirmed on December 8, Tokyo time (December 7, Hawaiian time) (Yakovlev N. N. FDR - man and politician. Pearl Harbor Mystery: Selected Works. Decree. Op. - p. 678). On December 2, 1941, Hell asked Japanese Ambassador Nomura and Envoy Kurusu to comment on the advance of Japanese troops into southern Indochina, thereby indicating to Japan that the United States government was aware of the advance of its troops into Indochina. On the same day, the Japanese government “asked Germany and Italy for formal commitments that they would fight together with Japan against the United States and not conclude a separate peace. … On December 5, Ribbentrop handed Oshima more than Tokyo asked: the text of the German-Italian-Japanese treaty on the joint conduct of war and the non-conclusion of a separate peace "(Yakovlev NN FDR - man and politician. Pearl Harbor mystery: Selected works. Decree. cit. - P. 679).
On December 7, the aircraft of the Japanese carrier formation defeated the American fleet in Pearl Harbor. At the same time, Japan attacked the British colony of Hong Kong, the Philippines, Thailand and Malaya. On December 8, the United States, Great Britain, the Netherlands (government in exile), Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, Cuba, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras and Venezuela declared war on Japan. In turn, on December 8, Japan declared war on the United States (formally on December 7, due to the difference in time zones), Germany and Italy on December 11, and Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria on December 13.
On December 22, 1941, at the head of an impressive delegation, Churchill arrived in Washington. Roosevelt immediately besieged his guests, putting them in their place with a short lecture on the attitude of the United States towards England: “The American tradition is distrust, dislike and even hatred of Britain, you know, here are memories of the revolution, the war of 1812, India, the war with the Boers, etc. Of course, Americans are different, but as a country, as a people we are against imperialism, we simply cannot stand it (Yakovlev N. N.. 370). Roosevelt's hatred of the British was sincere, genuine, and stemmed from America's historically bad relations with its former mother country.
While hatred of mossy imperialism and the colonial system was due to the fact that they stood in the way of America to world domination, and "he wanted America to take the lead in the inevitable liberation of colonial territories" (Kissinger G. Diplomacy // http: / /www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/History/kissing/16.php), Europe would not only have lost its leadership and colonies, but itself would have fallen under the protectorate of America. The ultimate goal of Roosevelt's strategy was a unipolar world. The vision of his post-war organization of world society was aptly captured by Secretary of State Hull in November 1943: “There will no longer be a need for spheres of influence, alliances, balance of power or other special arrangements through which, in an unhappy past, nations sought to ensure their own security or achieve their interests "(Kissinger G. Diplomacy. Ibid.).
Roosevelt demanded that Churchill completely abandon Britain's dominant position in his colonies and “insisted that the charter should be applicable not only to Europe, but to the whole world, including the colonial territories:“I am firmly convinced that if we are going to ensure a stable world, it must include the development of backward countries … I cannot believe that we can wage a war against fascist slavery and at the same time be inactive in freeing people around the world from the consequences of backward colonial policies. " The British wartime cabinet rejected such an interpretation: "… the Atlantic Charter … was addressed to the nations of Europe, which we hope to liberate from Nazi tyranny, and was not intended to resolve internal issues of the British Empire or to assess relations between the United States and, for example, the Philippines." The reference to the Philippines was deliberately made by London in order to frame America's "excess" and to show American leaders what they can lose if they bring their arguments to their logical conclusion.
And yet it was a shot that did not achieve its goal, for America "for the sake of achieving world domination" had already decided to grant independence to its only colony as soon as the war ended. The Anglo-American debate over colonialism did not end there. In his 1942 Civil War Memorial Address of 1861-1865, Roosevelt's friend and confidant, Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles reiterated America's historic rejection of colonialism: sovereign equality of rights for all peoples of the world, in particular, throughout the American continent. Our victory must entail the liberation of all peoples … The era of imperialism is over”(G. Kissinger, Diplomacy, ibid.).
Imperialism was replaced by globalism. “In the previous era, the great powers fought among themselves for the possession of colonies and separate islands. In a unipolar world, it is assumed that the entire planet has become a colony of the United States, where individual parts enjoy varying degrees of autonomy. … In a world where your currency is the highest value, and your ships sail other people's seas as their own, the possession of overseas territories is no longer the highest value. After all, there you need to build roads, maintain schools, etc. It is better to give it to the natives, and the owner will take care of more important matters "(I. Kabardin America: globalism and overseas colonies // topwar.ru/69383-amerika-globalizm-i-zamorskie -kolonii.html). It is not surprising that "by the end of the twentieth century, Britain's colonial past was dispelled like smoke - only a few scraps of overseas territories remained from the once mighty Empire" (Kaptsov O. Black Deer. Basic Aviation in the Falklands War // https://topwar.ru/30676 -chernyy-olen-bazovaya-aviaciya-v-folklendskoy-voyne.html).
On January 1, 1942, America, England, the USSR and China signed the Declaration of the United Nations. The next day, 22 more states joined them. “They all pledged to use their economic and military resources to fight against Germany, Italy, Japan and the countries that joined them, and in addition, to cooperate with each other and not to conclude a separate truce or peace with the states of the fascist bloc. This was the key to creating a favorable atmosphere for the systematic build-up of the military power of the anti-Hitler coalition (Soviet counteroffensive near Moscow //
"The fascist strategy has clearly reached a dead end" (Dashichev V. I. Bankruptcy of the strategy of German fascism. Decree. Cit. - pp. 6, 245). At one time, "Hitler violated his own decision not to fight simultaneously on two fronts" (Yakovlev N. N. FDR - man and politician. Pearl Harbor Mystery: Selected Works. Decree. Op. - S.339) and now “fascist Germany is facing the threat of a protracted struggle on two fronts that is futile for her. … And in such a struggle, Goebbels wrote sadly in his diary, "the empire has never won victory" (Dashichev V. I. Bankruptcy of the strategy of German fascism. Historical essays, documents and materials. - M.: Nauka, 1973. - S. 247). Japan, in turn, followed in the footsteps of Germany and, without ending the war in China, attacked a country with a military potential many times greater than its own. Japan's decision "to conduct a fleeting campaign with limited goals" (Yakovlev N. N. FDR - man and politician. The Pearl Harbor Mystery: Selected Works. Op. Cit. - p. 653) against America, over which it had no way to completely prevail despite all the initial successes, it did not bode well for her in the long run.
According to F. Jowett, “Japan simply did not have enough industrial base to expand its armed forces and make up for losses (for example, already in 1941, the production of aircraft in the United States was four times higher than the corresponding figures for Japan, and then the gap began to widen even more). The immense industrial potential of the United States soon surpassed Japan's both qualitatively and quantitatively. By the end of 1942, the scale of production and quality of American military products, as well as the number of troops, aircraft and ships that the United States could use outside its own territory, had become so impressive that the myth of Japanese invincibility that had developed as a result of the initial defeats of the American and British forces began to fade. … Nevertheless, largely due to the amazing personal qualities of the Japanese soldier, it took another three years of fierce and bloody battles to bring the Japanese Empire to the final defeat”(F. Jowett, op. Cit. - pp. 27–28).
Thus, America helped England in her fight against Nazism not disinterestedly, but for her recognition of the American political and economic structure of the post-war world. Since imperialism with a colonial system stood on America's path to sole world domination, Roosevelt demanded that Churchill agree to the creation of a free trade zone in the British colonies, told the British about the inevitability of dismantling the colonial system, and urged them to come to terms with the end of the era of imperialism. Believing that the part is less than the whole, but more than nothing, Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter.
At the same time, the Japanese ignored the American proposal to join the democratic camp, agree to a free trade zone in the Pacific Ocean and withdraw from the occupied territories of China and Indochina. By refusing to meet with Konoe, Roosevelt effectively put an end to real negotiations. Allowing Japan, under the guise of continuing the fake negotiations, to treacherously attack America, Roosevelt thereby exposed her as an aggressor. The Japanese, who did not want to sign the treaty with the Americans, were destined to lose everything, to experience the bitterness of military defeats in the Pacific Ocean, the defeat of the Kwantung Army, an incinerating whirlwind of fire over Tokyo and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
President Roosevelt signs a declaration of war on Japan. Source:
Scheme 1. Military operations in the Pacific Ocean in 1941-1945. Source: Great Soviet Encyclopedia //
