History
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The 13th century is a time of fanaticism, religious intolerance and endless wars. Everyone knows about the crusades against Muslims and pagans, but the contradictions have already torn apart the Christian world. The gap between Western and Eastern Christians was so great that, after capturing Constantinople (1204
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Perhaps someone saw this performance in Konya or Istanbul: a large hall in which the lights go out and men in black capes become almost invisible. Sounds unusual for our ears are heard out of nowhere - drums set the rhythm for musicians playing on old reeds
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The first battle of the Northern War for Russia was the Battle of Narva. The military clash of the troops of Peter I with the modern European army immediately revealed the weakness of the Russian army and the need for deep transformations and reforms in military affairs
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In previous articles ("Forces and signs of fate. Prophets, politicians and commanders" and "On scenarios of the end of the world, false prophecies and the benefits of sanity") we have already given five, I hope, very useful advice to future prophets and seers. We will soon continue to educate them, but in this article
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King Charles XII of Sweden was compared by contemporaries to Alexander the Great. This monarch, just like the great king of antiquity, already at a young age achieved the glory of a great commander, he was just as unpretentious in campaigns (according to the Saxon general Schulenberg, “he dressed like a simple dragoon and so
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Allegorical painting "The Tree of Life" In the previous article ("Forces and signs of fate. Prophets, politicians and commanders") we gave four advice to potential prophets and soothsayers and told about the predictions that politicians and commanders received. At the beginning of this article, let's talk about predictions
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In the previous article ("Karl XII and his army") we talked about the events that preceded the Battle of Poltava: the movement of Swedish troops to Poltava, the betrayal of Hetman Mazepa and the state of the Swedish army on the eve of the battle. Now it's time to talk about the siege of Poltava and the battle itself, which forever changed
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In 1706, Charles XII's international authority was undeniable. The papal nuncio, who reproached Joseph I, the Holy Roman Emperor of the German nation, for giving guarantees of religious freedom to the Protestants of Silesia in 1707 at the request of Charles, heard the amazing words: “You must be
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In the article Cruel lesson. The Russian and Swedish armies in the Battle of Narva were told a little about the state of the Swedish army at the end of the 17th century. Charles XII received this perfectly organized and capable of solving the most difficult tasks from his predecessors and until the beginning of the Northern War he practically did not
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David Teniers the Younger. "Allegory of Prudence, conquering earthly vanity" In the previous articles, five very useful (hopefully) advice to future prophets and seers were given, and some methods of independent "requests" to heaven were described. Now let's talk about modern visionaries and
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Eugene Lansere. Peter I examines the trophies of the Russian troops taken from the Swedes during the Battle of Poltava The defeat of the Swedish army at Poltava and the inglorious surrender of its remnants at Perevolnaya made a huge impression both in Sweden and in all European countries. A fundamental fracture in the course of the North
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As we remember from the previous article ("The Poltava catastrophe of the army of Charles XII"), after the defeat at Poltava, the Swedish troops retreated to their wagon train, which was guarded by 7 regiments near the village of Pushkarevka, located southwest of Poltava. were next to Charles XII
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In previous articles ("The Poltava catastrophe of the army of Charles XII" and "The surrender of the Swedish army at Perevolochnaya"), it was told about the events of 1709, the Battle of Poltava and the surrender of the Swedish army at Perevolnaya, which resulted in the capture of about 23 thousand Carolins. They weren't the first
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In the article "The Persian campaign of Stepan Razin" we talked about the high-profile military campaign of 1667-1669: the campaign of this chieftain's gang down the Volga and on the Yaik, which ended with the capture of the Yaitsky town, and the pirate expedition to the Caspian Sea, culminating in the defeat of the Persian fleet near Pig
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A.S. Pushkin called Stepan Razin "the only poetic person in Russian history." One can agree or not that this "face" is the only one, but its "poetry" is beyond doubt. The famous ataman became the hero of numerous legends (and even epics) and folk songs, the most
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S. Kirillov. "At the Simbirsk line" In the previous article ("Razinschina. Beginning of the Peasant War"), it was told about the events of the turbulent 1670: Stepan Razin's new campaign on the Volga, the first successes of the rebels, their defeat at Simbirsk. It was also mentioned that several detachments were sent
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Still from the film "Stepan Razin", 1939 In the article "The Persian campaign of Stepan Razin" we have already mentioned a mysterious girl who for some reason was drowned by the famous chieftain. According to the most common version, she was a Persian princess, the daughter of Mamed Khan (Magmedi Khanbek), who commanded the fleet
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The struggle of the inquisitors of the Catholic kings against the allegedly unstable conversos (converted to Christianity Jews) eventually led to large-scale persecution of the Jews of the united kingdoms, which ended with their expulsion from the country. great resonance in
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Khair ad-Din Barbarossa, which was described in the article "Islamic pirates of the Mediterranean", became the most famous leader of the Barbary pirates, but even after his death there were people who worthily continued the work of this admiral. One of them was Sinan Pasha, the Great
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In the article "Whom Kondraty" was enough for, it was told about the ataman Bulavin and the beginning of a new Peasant War. From this article, we remember that the area of the Don Cossack at that moment was surrounded on all sides by the lands of the Russian state, from where on three sides they were ready to move on the rebels
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In the article "The End of the Peasant War of Stepan Razin and the Fate of the Atamans" we talked about the defeat of the grandiose uprising led by this Ataman and the brutal repressions that befell the inhabitants of the rebellious regions. But how effective were these repressions, literally bleeding
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Tommaso Torquemada is on the right hand of Queen Isabella. Monumento a Isabel la Catolica, Madrid He was an outstanding person, and not only hundreds of scientific works were written about him - from articles to
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Isabella of Castile by Manuel Oms Canet, Madrid In the article “Tommaso Torquemada. A man who became a symbol of a terrible era”, we talked about various assessments of his activities, as well as about the edicts of“intolerance”and“mercy”and the persecution of converses, tornadidos and Marranos before the birth of Torquemada. Now
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As we remember from the article "Pupil of Torquemada", inquisitors operated on the territory of Aragon since 1232, in Valencia controlled by Aragon - since 1420, but their influence on the affairs of this kingdom was insignificant. Now the powers of the new Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition
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In previous articles, we talked about some of the famous corsairs and admirals of the Maghreb and the Ottoman Empire. We will now continue this story. First, let's talk about two famous Turkish sailors who became famous not only in battles, but also left a significant mark in science, literature and
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Willem van de Velde the Younger. The battle between an English ship and Barbary pirates in boats At this time the corsairs
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Assessments of the results of the reign of Nicholas II, the eighteenth and last representative of the Romanov dynasty (Holstein-Gottorp) on the Russian throne, are very contradictory. On the one hand, it must be admitted that the development of industrial relations in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century proceeded at an accelerated pace
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Continuing the story about the corsairs of North Africa and the Ottoman admirals, let us first talk about the "special path" of Morocco. Among the Maghreb states, Morocco has always stood apart, trying to defend its independence not only from the Catholic kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, but also from the Ottoman Empire
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In the previous articles "Islamic Pirates of the Mediterranean" and "Disciples" of Khair ad-Din Barbarossa, we remembered Aruj-Reis and his younger brother Khair-ad-Din Barbarossa, the Great Jew from Smyrna Sinane Pasha and Turgut-Reis. This one will talk about some of the other famous corsairs and admirals
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Thomas Looney. "The Bombing of Algeria by Lord Exmouth, August 1816" The raids of the Barbary pirates continued throughout the 18th century. But now the Mediterranean Sea has become the main arena of their action again. After the capture of Gibraltar by the Anglo-Dutch squadron in 1704, the corsairs of Algeria and Tunisia
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Algeria, 1958 The foreign legion took part in hostilities in Algeria, where the National Liberation Front (FLN) began military and terrorist actions against the French administration, the "blackfoot" and compatriots who sympathized with them. Only in 1999 during
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Now we will talk about the most famous natives of the Russian Empire from among those who went through the harsh school of the French Foreign Legion. And first, let's talk about Zinovia Peshkov, whose life Louis Aragon, who knew him well, called “one of the strangest biographies of this senseless
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Russian soldiers in France. In a helmet - Rodion Malinovsky, the future Soviet Marshal and Minister of Defense of the USSR The first Russian soldiers in the Foreign Legion appeared at the end of the 19th century, but their number was small: on January 1, 1913, there were 116 people. However, immediately after the start of World War I
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A. Rachinsky. French Zouaves during the Crimean War. (detail of the painting, 1858) The conquest of Algeria in 1830, as well as the later annexation of Tunisia and Morocco, led to the emergence of new and unusual military formations in France. The most famous of these are undoubtedly the zouave
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French soldiers leaving Algeria await loading on the ship. City of Bona In this article we will conclude the story of the many years and bloody Algerian war, tell about the flight from Algeria of the "blackfeet", evolves and harki and about some sad events that followed the acquisition of this country
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Legionnaires in AlgeriaIn the articles "The Algerian War of the French Foreign Legion" and "The Battle of Algeria" it was told about the beginning of the war in this overseas department of France, its features and some of the heroes and antiheroes of those years. In this one we will continue the story of the Algerian war and talk about some
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Collage of frames from the film "Battle for Algeria", made especially for this article Mass terrorist attacks by the FLN militants in November 1956 - September 1957. received the unofficial name "Battle for the capital" ("Battle for Algeria"). At the beginning of 1957, an average of 4 terrorist attacks took place in this city
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In this article we will begin a story about the famous condottieri of the 20th century and the amazing African adventures of "wild geese" and "soldiers of fortune". Among them were the servicemen of the French Foreign Legion, who in the second half of the twentieth century found a new area of application for their talents
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Tyrallers of the times of Napoleon III. A hand-colored photograph from the Album photographique des uniformes de l'armee francaise Paris, 1866 As we recall from the article “Zouaves. New and unusual military units of France ", after the conquest of Algeria (1830), and then Tunisia and Morocco, the French decided
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R. Ya. Malinovsky during the Battle of StalingradIn the article “The most famous Russian“graduates”of the French Foreign Legion. Zinovy Peshkov "we talked about the fate of the godson of AM Gorky, whose bright and eventful life Louis Aragon called" one of the strangest biographies of this