History

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The death of False Dmitry did not stop the Troubles. The civil war continued, covering new lands, new impostors appeared. In the very first month of his reign, Vasily Shuisky had to suppress several attempts at performances by the Moscow urban lower classes. Moscow feared that for the overthrow of the impostor

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Defense of Moscow. Tushino camp Tsar Vasily himself led the defense of the capital. He had accumulated 30-35 thousand warriors. In order to keep the enemy out of the city, they took up positions on Khodynka and Presnya. But Shuisky did not dare to take on a general battle. He entered into negotiations with Hetman Rozhinsky (Ruzhinsky) and

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The Caucasian front differed from the fronts of the western theater of the Great War in that it did not know defeat. At any time of the year, not a trench positional warfare was waged here, as in other places, but active hostilities were going on with detours, envelopes, encirclements and decisive breakthroughs. Cossacks made up half

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The beginning of the Polish invasion Using the conclusion of the Russian-Swedish alliance against the Tushin people as a pretext, the Polish king Sigismund III, who claimed the throne of Sweden, usurped by his younger brother Charles IX, declared war on Russia. But this was not enough for the Polish king, and he came up with a "legal"

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Even during the struggle between the troops of Vasily Shuisky and the Bolotnikovites, False Dmitry II appeared. A new stage of the Troubles began, which was now accompanied by open Polish intervention. At first, the Poles actively supported their protégé - a new impostor, then, in 1609, the invasion of the Polish army began

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The history of Russian-Polish relations has been burdened with a load of problems for a long time. They have not disappeared today. They also existed after the revolutionary events of October 1917. In the very first days after the Bolsheviks came to power, Polish political leaders established close ties with the Entente to prepare

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Worldly I longed for delights, Worldly pleasures. I was glad to all temptations, I fell into sin. The world attracts me with a smile. He's so good! I have lost count of thorns. Everything in the world is a lie. Save me, Lord, To overcome the world. My way is to the Holy Land. With Yours

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The general political situation for the Entente by 1916 was developing favorably. The US relations with Germany were aggravated, and it was hoped that Romania would also take the side of the allies. By the beginning of 1916, the general strategic situation on the war fronts also began to take shape in favor of the Entente. But

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While in Moscow, Napoleon interrogated a captured, wounded Cossack and asked him: how could the war he started against Russia have ended if there were Cossack units in the ranks of the French army. Donets chuckled: "Then the French emperor would have long been a Chinese emperor."

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During the first months of the war, a certain pattern of actions was formed in the Russian army. The Germans began to be treated with caution, the Austrians were considered a weaker enemy. Austria-Hungary has turned for Germany from a full ally into a weak partner requiring continuous support

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The previous article "Cossacks before the World War" showed how this greatest meat grinder in the history of mankind was born and matured in the depths of world politics. The ensuing war was very different in character from the previous and subsequent ones. Decades before the war in the military

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In the 20-40s of the 18th century, the Russian government carried out a number of major measures to strengthen the southeastern border of the empire and increase the role of the Cossacks in its defense. Two circumstances made these measures vital: First, significant progress was made in the development of

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In 1894, after the death of Tsar-peacemaker Alexander III, his son Nicholas II ascended the throne, and his reign marked the end of the three-hundred-year-old Romanov dynasty. Objectively, nothing foreshadowed such an outcome. According to the custom of the dynasty, Emperor Nicholas II received an excellent education and upbringing. On

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In the previous articles of this series, devoted to the history of the Dnieper and Zaporozhye Cossacks, it was shown how the ruthless wheels of history grind the legendary Dnieper Cossack republics. With the expansion of the boundaries of the Russian Empire to the Black Sea, Zaporozhye with its original organization

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After the expulsion of Napoleon from Russia, the Emperor Alexander, with his appeal, invited all the peoples of Europe to rise up against the tyranny of Napoleon. A coalition was already forming around Emperor Alexander. The first to join her was King Bernadotte of Sweden, a former Marshal of Napoleon. He knew Napoleon perfectly and gave

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The original and highly unique personality of the Don Ataman Matvey Ivanovich Platov occupies a very special position in Cossack history. He is one of the most beloved folk heroes created by the Patriotic War. The great era of 1812, which illuminated the Don unparalleled in his annals

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On June 12, Napoleon's army crossed the Neman River at Kovno and sent the main blow to the junction between the 1st and 2nd Western armies, with the aim of separating them and defeating each one individually. The advance detachments of the French army, after crossing the Neman, were met by a patrol of the Black Sea hundreds

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The Patriotic War of 1812 was the apotheosis of the era of the Napoleonic Wars. The wars themselves were the culmination of a long era of Anglo-French geopolitical rivalry. The Anglo-French confrontation had a turbulent centuries-old history. Wars went on almost continuously and for a long time

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In the previous article "Ancient Cossack ancestors" on the basis of numerous chronicles, chronicles, legends, works of Cossack historians and writers, and other sources, it was shown that in the foreseeable retrospective the roots of such a phenomenon as the Cossacks are unambiguously Scythian-Sarmatian, then the Turkic

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In the previous article, "The transition of the Cossack army of the hetmanate to Moscow service," it was shown how, in the incredibly difficult and cruel conditions of the merciless national liberation and civil war (ruins), the Dnieper Cossacks of the Hetmanate passed into Moscow service. This war, like

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At the end of the previous article "The formation of the Dnieper and Zaporizhzhya troops and their service to the Polish-Lithuanian state" it was shown how the repressive policy of the Commonwealth against the Orthodox population of the Dnieper Cossacks and all of Ukraine began to grow from the end of the 16th century. Polish orders

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Information from the early history of the Dnieper Cossacks is fragmentary, fragmentary and contradictory, but at the same time very eloquent. The earliest mention of the existence of the Dnieper Brodniks (the ancestors of the Cossacks) is associated with the legend of the founding of Kiev by Prince Kiy. Any saying is known to be

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In the previous article "Betrayal of Mazepa and the pogrom of Cossack liberties by Tsar Peter" it was shown how during the reign of Peter the "noble beheading" of the Cossack liberties was carried out in response to the betrayal of the Little Russian hetman Mazepa and the uprising of the Don chieftain Bulavin. January 28, 1725 Peter

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In the previous article "Seniority (education) and the formation of the Don Cossack army in the Moscow service" and in other articles of the series on the history of the Cossacks, it was shown how by the measures of the Moscow princes and their governments, the southeastern Cossacks (primarily the Don and Volga) were gradually put on

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The date of seniority (formation) of the Don Cossack Host is officially 1570. This date is based on a very minor, but very significant event in the history of the army. In the oldest of the found letters, Tsar Ivan the Terrible orders the Cossacks to serve him, and for this he promises to "grant" them. V

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In the first days of the war, from June 22, 1941, the shock offensive of the Nazis with tank wedges was directed at the 8th and 11th armies ("Betrayal of 1941: the Troubles of the First Days"), as well as on the 4th and 5th. what happened to these armies in the future during the Great Patriotic War?

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At the beginning of the 17th century, events took place in Russia, called by contemporaries the Troubles. This name was not given by chance. A real civil war broke out in the country at that time, complicated by the intervention of Polish and Swedish feudal lords. Trouble began during the reign of Tsar Boris Godunov (1598 -1605

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In 1853, Russian troops under the command of General Perovsky, having walked 900 miles across waterless terrain, stormed the Kokand fortress Ak-Mechet, which covered all the routes to Central Asia. Three hundred Ural and two hundred Orenburg Cossacks took part in the campaign. The fortress was renamed to a fort

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Only when Yermak's Cossack squad crossed the "Stone Belt" of the Ural Mountains and defeated the Siberian Khanate, one of the last fragments of the Golden Horde, was the foundation of Asian Russia laid. And although the Russian people got acquainted with Siberia long before this event, they are connected with Ermak and his associates

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On February 8, 1939, Iosif Apanasenko was awarded the title of "commander of the 2nd rank". And exactly 80 years ago, in February 1941, he received the shoulder straps of the "army general". He was called "rebel", swearing general and "savage uprising". But "where he was, everything was fine." Why did Stalin forgive him a lot? How

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Today, in the era of a pandemic and the battle between Western and domestic vaccines, it is worth remembering that relatively recently (in historical terms) epidemics were used in wars as weapons of mass destruction. Especially at the stage when there were no drugs for infectious diseases, and Western and domestic

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One hundred and fifty dogs tore apart a regiment of Invincible enemy infantry. Author: Alexander Zhuravlev I was told by an old gray-haired man that he saw a terrible battle in childhood, And that story has long become a legend, As with a battalion of border guards, one hundred and fifty service dogs Torn to shreds a regiment of a German wolf pack. Author: Igor Krasa

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On August 14, 1775, by the decree of the Russian Empress Catherine II, the Zaporozhye Sich was finally abolished. After the reunification of a significant part of Little Russia with the Russian state in 1654, privileges were extended to the Zaporozhye army, which were enjoyed by other Russian Cossack

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All outstanding commanders and commanders strove to use surprise as a means of achieving the fastest and most complete success in battle and operation. In different periods of the development of the art of war, the forms, methods and methods of achieving surprise were different. Especially high skill in their

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A series of articles about "the most expensive helmets" aroused interest among VO readers. Many began to offer their own options for the development of this topic. Someone asked to tell about some specific samples, which, however, is not always possible, although expensive helmets, sometimes worth a fortune, are a dime a dozen. Today

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And it so happened that in the process of preparing the material about the helmet of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, I had to face the problem of the absence of his photographs, as well as photographs of the "helmet of Alexander Nevsky", but in fact the helmet of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. It would seem that everything should be on the Internet

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The next Victory Day has died down, as always, brightly and festively. A new cycle of history begins. And it begins very soon: on June 22, when it will be 75 years since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. And again, for 5 years, we will remember everything that happened in those tragic years. Without it

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The Marlborough Mission In 1706, Swedish forces occupied Saxony. The Saxon elector and the Polish king August II were forced to sign a separate peace. According to the peace treaty signed in the village of Altranstedt, August II abdicated the Polish throne in favor of Stanislav Leszczynski, renounced

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Among the helmets that were discussed in the series of publications "The Most Expensive Helmets", there have not yet been Viking helmets. Although they are a real rarity and therefore, naturally, are very expensive. Moreover, the plural is completely inappropriate here. Wouldn't stand, but worth it, because the helmet is for sure

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The eighteenth century was replete with not only the gold of the palaces of enlightened absolutism, where the singing of violins poured under the graceful pas of court minuets, and philosophers invited by the kings plunged indestructible truths into the dust, sitting by the fireplaces. Very close, on the other side of the cast-iron fence, both massive and