Work on the creation of the "Tor" anti-aircraft missile system (9K330) was started in accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 1975-04-02 in cooperation that developed during the development of the "Osa" anti-aircraft missile system. The work was completed in 1983. As in the development of the Osa and Osa-M complexes, in parallel with the development of the complex for the Ground Forces, work was launched on the Kinzhal ship complex, partially unified with it.
Over the fifteen years that have passed since the beginning of the development of the Osa air defense system, not only the tasks facing the military anti-aircraft missile systems have changed, but also the possibilities of their solution.
In addition to solving the traditional task of combating manned aircraft, military anti-aircraft missile systems were supposed to ensure the destruction of aircraft weapons - gliding bombs of the Wallay type, air-to-ground missiles, cruise missiles of the ALCM and ASALM type, RPVs (remotely piloted aerial vehicles). devices) type BGM-34. To effectively solve these problems required the automation of the entire process of combat work, the use of more advanced radars.
Changed views on the nature of possible hostilities have led to the fact that the requirements for the possibility of overcoming water obstacles by military air defense systems by swimming were removed, however, the need was determined to ensure that all components of these anti-aircraft missile systems have the same speed and degree of cross-country ability with infantry fighting vehicles and tanks of the covered units. Taking into account these requirements and the need to increase the ammunition load of anti-aircraft guided missiles, the divisional complex was switched from a wheeled chassis to a heavier tracked one.
The vertical missile launch scheme worked out during the development of the S-300 air defense system made it possible to implement a similar technology. solution in the anti-aircraft missile system "Tor", vertically placing 8 guided missiles along the axis of the BM tower, protecting them from being hit by fragments of bombs and shells, as well as adverse weather effects.
NIEMI MRP (formerly NII-20 GKRE) was identified as the lead developer of the Tor anti-aircraft missile system. Efremov V. P. was appointed chief designer of the complex as a whole, and Drize I. M. - combat vehicle 9A330 of this complex. The development of the 9M330 anti-aircraft guided missile for the "Tor" was carried out by the MKB "Fakel" MAP (formerly OKB-2 GKAT). This work was supervised by P. D. Grushin. To the development of missiles and combat vehicles, the means of those. other industrial organizations were also involved in providing and servicing.
The 9A330 combat vehicle consisted of:
- Target detection station (SOC) with antenna base stabilization systems and nationality identification;
- guidance station (CH), with the channel of the coordinator of the capture of the anti-aircraft guided missile, two missile channels and one target channel;
- special computer;
- a launching device that provides a vertical alternate launch of 8 guided missiles placed on a combat vehicle, and equipment for various systems (launch automation, topographic positioning and navigation, documenting the process of combat work, functional control of the combat vehicle, life support, autonomous power supply in which a gas turbine electric generator is used) …
All those indicated. the funds were placed on a self-propelled tracked chassis with high cross-country ability. The chassis was developed by the Minsk Tractor Plant GM-355, and was unified with the chassis of the Tunguska anti-aircraft gun and missile system. The weight of the combat vehicle, including eight guided missiles and a combat crew of 4 people, was 32 tons.
Fighting vehicle 9A331-1 at the rehearsal of the Victory Parade in Moscow
Target detection station (SOC) is a coherent-pulse radar with a circular view of the centimeter range, which has frequency beam control in elevation. A partial (ray) with a width of 1.5 degrees in azimuth and 4 degrees in elevation could occupy eight positions in the elevation plane, thus overlapping a sector of 32 degrees. In elevation, a simultaneous survey in three parts could be carried out. A special computer program was used to set the sequence of the survey in partials. The main mode of operation provided for the rate of coverage of the detection zone for 3 seconds, and the lower part of the zone was viewed twice. If necessary, an overview of space in three parts could be provided at a speed of 1 second. The marks with the coordinates of 24 detected targets were tied to traces (up to 10 traces at a time). Targets were displayed on the commander's indicator in the form of points with vectors characterizing the direction and magnitude of the speed of its movement. Near them were displayed forms that contained the number of the track, the number according to the degree of danger (determined by the minimum time of entering the affected area), the number of the partial in which the target is located, as well as the sign of the operation being performed at the moment (search, tracking, and so on). During work in strong passive interference for the SOC, it was possible to blank signals from the direction of the jammed and part of the distance to the targets. If necessary, it was possible to enter into the computer the coordinates of the target located in the blanking sector to develop target designation due to manual overlay of the marker on the target covered with interference and manual "chipping" of the mark.
The resolution of the detection station in azimuth was no worse than 1.5-2 degrees, in elevation - 4 degrees and 200 m in range. The maximum error in determining the coordinates of the target was no more than half of the resolution values.
The target detection station with a receiver noise figure of 2-3 and a transmitter power of 1.5 kW provided the detection of F-15 aircraft flying at altitudes of 30-6000 meters, at ranges of up to 27 km with a probability of at least 0.8. Unmanned aerial attack vehicles at ranges of 9000 -15000 m were detected with a probability of 0.7. A helicopter with a rotating propeller located on the ground was detected at a range of 7 km with a probability of 0.4 to 0.7, hovering in the air at a range of 13-20 kilometers with a probability of 0.6 up to 0, 8, and carrying out a jump to a height of 20 meters from the ground at a distance of 12 thousand meters with a probability of at least 0, 6.
The suppression coefficient of signals reflected from local objects in the analog channels of the SOTS receiving system is 40 dB, in the digital channel - 44 dB.
Protection against anti-radar missiles was ensured by their detection and defeat by their own anti-aircraft guided missiles.
The guidance station is a coherent-pulse centimeter range radar with a low-element phased array (phased array), which formed a 1 degree beam in elevation and azimuth and provided electronic scanning in the appropriate planes. The station provided a search for a target in azimuth in a sector of 3 degrees and an elevation angle of 7 degrees, auto-tracking in three coordinates of one target using a monopulse method, launching one or two anti-aircraft guided missiles (with an interval of 4 seconds) and their guidance.
The transmission of commands on board the guided missile was carried out at the expense of a single station transmitter through a phased array antenna. The same antenna, due to electronic scanning of the beam, provided simultaneous measurement of the coordinates of the target and 2 guided missiles aimed at it. The frequency of the beam to the objects is 40 Hz.
The resolution of the guidance station in elevation and azimuth is not worse - 1 degree, in range - 100 meters. The root-mean-square errors of the auto-tracking of the fighter in elevation and azimuth were no more than 0.3 d.u., in range - 7 m and in speed - 30 m / s. The root-mean-square errors of guided missile tracking in elevation and azimuth were of the same order, in range - from 2.5 meters.
The guidance station with a receiver sensitivity of 4 x 10-13 W and an average transmitter power of 0.6 kW provided a range of transition to automatic tracking of a fighter equal to 20 kilometers with a probability of 0.8 and 23 kilometers with a probability of 0.5.
The missiles in the combat vehicle's PU were without transport containers and were launched vertically using powder catapults. Structurally, the antenna and launching devices of the combat vehicle were combined into an antenna-launching device that rotated about the vertical axis.
The 9M330 solid-propellant anti-aircraft guided missile was carried out according to the "canard" scheme and was equipped with a device that provided gas-dynamic declination. The missiles used folding wings that unfold and lock into flight positions after the launch of the rocket. In the transport position, the right and left consoles were folded towards each other. The 9M330 was equipped with an active radio fuse, a radio unit, an autopilot with rudder drives, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead with a safety-actuating mechanism, had a power supply system, a system of gas-dynamic rudders at the launch site and gas supply to the steering drives on the cruising phase of the flight. On the outer surface of the rocket body, the antennas of the radio unit and the radio fuse were located, and a powder ejection device was also mounted. The missiles were loaded into the combat vehicle using the air defense system transport-loading vehicle.
At the start, the rocket was ejected at a speed of 25 m / s by a catapult vertically. The declination of the guided missile at a given angle, the direction and value of which was entered from the guidance station into the autopilot before launch, was carried out before the rocket engine was launched as a result of the outflow of special combustion products. gas generator through 4 two-nozzle gas distributor blocks mounted at the base of the aerodynamic rudder. Depending on the angle of rotation of the rudder, the gas ducts leading to the oppositely directed nozzles are blocked. The combination of the gas distributor and the aerodynamic steering wheel into a single unit made it possible to exclude the use of special. drive for the declination system. The gas-dynamic device tilts the rocket in the desired direction, and then stops its rotation before turning on the solid-propellant engine.
The launch of the engine of the guided missile was carried out at an altitude of 16 to 21 meters (either after a specified delay of one second from the start, or upon reaching 50 degrees of the angle of deflection of the missile from the vertical). Thus, the entire impulse of a solid-propellant rocket engine is spent on imparting speed to the switchgear in the direction of the target. The rocket began to gain speed after launch. At a distance of 1500 m, the speed was 700-800 meters per second. From a distance of 250 meters, the process of command guidance began. Due to the wide range of target movement parameters (in height - 10-6000 m and in speed - 0-700 m / s) and linear dimensions (from 3 to 30 meters) for optimal coverage of high-flying targets warhead with fragments on board a guided missile from the guidance station was given the parameters of the delay in the actuation of the radio fuse, which depend on the speed of the approach of the missile and the target. At low altitudes, the selection of the underlying surface was ensured, as well as the operation of the radio detonator exclusively from the target.
The starting weight of the 9M330 anti-aircraft guided missile is 165 kg (including the mass of the warhead - 14.8 kg), the hull diameter is 235 mm, the missile length is 2898 mm, the wingspan is 650 mm.
The development of the complex was somewhat delayed due to the difficulties in developing the tracked chassis. Joint tests of the Tor anti-aircraft missile system took place at the Embensky test site (headed by V. R. Unuchko) in the period from December 1983 to December 1984 under the leadership of a commission headed by R. S. Asadulin. The air defense missile system was adopted by the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 1986-19-03.
The "Dagger" complex, partially unified with the "Thor" complex, entered service after another 3 years. By this time, for almost ten years at sea, the ships for which this complex was intended were almost unarmed.
The serial production of BM 9A330 was organized at the Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant MRP, and the 9M330 anti-aircraft missile was organized at the Kirov Machine-Building Plant named after V. I. XX Congress of the party of MAP, tracked chassis - at the Minsk Tractor Plant of the Moscow Agricultural Academy.
The complex ensured the destruction of a target flying at altitudes of 0.01-6 km, at a speed of 300 meters per second, in the range of 1.5..12 kilometers with a parameter of up to 6000 m. The maximum range of destruction at a target speed of 700 m / s was reduced to 5000 m, the range of heights of destruction narrowed to 0.05-4 km, and the parameter was up to 4000 m. devices - 0, 85-0, 955.
The time for transferring from the marching to the combat-ready position was 3 minutes, the reaction of the complex was from 8 to 12 seconds, and the loading of the combat vehicle with the help of the transport-loading vehicle was up to 18 minutes.
Organizationally, Tor anti-aircraft missile systems were brought into anti-aircraft missile regiments of divisions. The regiments included the command post of the regiment, four anti-aircraft missile batteries (consisting of 4 combat vehicles 9A330, battery command post), service and support units.
The PU-12M control points temporarily served as the battery command post, the PU-12M command post of the regiment or the MP22 combat control vehicle and the MP25 information collection and processing vehicle developed as part of the ACCS (automated command and control system) of the front and also included in the set of means automated launcher of the division's air defense chief. The P-19 or 9S18 ("Dome") radar detection station, which was part of the regiment's radar company, was mated with the regiment's command post.
The main type of combat operation of the Tor anti-aircraft missile system is the autonomous operation of batteries, however, centralized or mixed control of these batteries by the commander of the anti-aircraft missile regiment and the head of the division's air defense was not ruled out.
Simultaneously with the adoption of the Tor anti-aircraft missile system into service, work began on the modernization of the air defense system.
The revision of the existing and the development of new means of the anti-aircraft missile system, which received an ind. "Tor-M1" (9K331) were engaged in:
- Research Electromechanical Institute of the Ministry of Radio Industry (leading enterprise of the Antey Scientific and Production Association) - the head of the Tor-M1 anti-aircraft missile system as a whole (V. P. Efremov - chief designer) and the 9A331 combat vehicle (mod. 9A330) - deputy. chief designer of the complex and chief designer of BM 9A331 - IM Drize;
- PA "Izhevsk Electromechanical Plant" of the Ministry of Radio Industry - for the design revision of the BM;
- Kirov engineering software named after V. I. XX Congress of the Minaviaprom Party - on the design of the 9M334 four-rocket module used in BM 9A331 (O. Zhary - chief designer of the module);
- Research Institute of Automation Means of the Ministry of Radio Industry (leading enterprise of the Agat Scientific and Production Association) - for the development, within the framework of a separate experimental and design work, of a unified battery KP "Ranzhir" 9S737 (Shershnev A. V. - Chief Designer), as well as MKB "Fakel" Ministry of Aviation Industry and other organizations.
As a result of the modernization, a second target channel was introduced into the anti-aircraft missile system, a warhead made of material with increased damaging characteristics was used in the anti-aircraft guided missile, modular interfacing of the anti-aircraft guided missile with the BM was implemented, an increase in the probability and area of destruction of low-flying targets was provided, the BM was interfaced with a unified battery KP "Ranzhir" to ensure control of the combat vehicles included in the battery.
Combat assets of the Tor-M1 anti-aircraft missile system:
- combat vehicle 9A331;
- battery command post 9S737;
- 9M334 rocket module with four 9M331 guided missiles (there are two modules in the combat vehicle).
The composition of those funds. The provision and maintenance of this anti-aircraft missile system included the means used in the Tor air defense system, with the modification of the 9Т245 transport vehicle and the 9Т231 transport-loading vehicle in connection with the use of the 9М334 rocket module in the Tor-M1 complex.
The 9A331 combat vehicle compared to the 9A330 had the following differences:
- a new dual-processor computing system was used, which has increased performance, which implements protection against false traces, two-channel operation, and extended functional control;
- Introduced into the target detection station: a three-channel digital signal processing system, providing improved suppression of passive interference without additional analysis of the interference environment; in the input devices of the receiver, a selective filter, switched automatically, providing more effective noise immunity and electromagnetic compatibility of the station due to the frequency selection of the partial; the amplifier for increasing the sensitivity is replaced in the input devices of the receiver; an automatic adjustment of the power supplied during the operation of the station to each partial was introduced; the view order was changed, which reduced the time for tying target traces; introduced an algorithm for protection against false marks;
- a new type of sounding signal was introduced into the guidance station, which ensures the detection and automatic tracking of a hovering helicopter, an automatic elevation tracking was introduced into the television-optical sighting device (increases the accuracy of its tracking), an improved commander's indicator was introduced, and equipment for interfacing with a unified battery-operated command post was introduced " Rank "(data transmission equipment and radio stations).
For the first time in the practice of creating an anti-aircraft missile system, instead of a launcher, a 9Ya281 four-seater transport and launch container for 9M331 (9M330) guided missiles with a body made of aluminum alloys was used. The transport and launch container, together with these guided missiles, made up the 9M334 rocket module.
The weight of the module with 4 guided missiles with catapults and transport and launch containers was 936 kg. The body of the transport and launch container was divided into four cavities by diaphragms. Under the front cover (removed before loading into the BM) there were four foam protective covers that sealed each cavity of the transport and launch container and were destroyed by the rocket during its launch. In the lower part of the body, the mechanisms of electrical connectors were installed to connect the electrical circuits of the TPK and the missile defense system. The transport and launch container with the electrical circuits of the combat vehicle was connected through onboard electrical connectors located on each side of the container. Next to the covers of these connectors, there were hatches closed with plugs for switching the frequency letters of guided missiles when they were installed on the BM. Rocket modules for storage and transportation were assembled in packages using beams - in a package of up to six modules.
The 9Т244 transport vehicle could carry two packages consisting of four modules, TZM - two packages consisting of two modules.
The 9M331 anti-aircraft missile was completely unified with the 9M330 missiles (except for the material of the striking elements of the warhead) and could be used in the Tor, Tor-M1 anti-aircraft missile systems, as well as in the Kinzhal ship complex.
A significant difference between the Tor-M1 anti-aircraft missile system and the Tor was the presence of a unified battery command post "Ranzhir" as part of its combat assets. In particular, "Ranzhir" was intended for automated control of combat operations of the "Tor-M1" anti-aircraft missile system as part of a missile regiment armed with this complex. The anti-aircraft missile regiment consisted of a combat control point (command post), four anti-aircraft missile batteries (each with a unified battery command post and four 9A331 combat vehicles), support and maintenance units.
The main purpose of the unified battery command station "Ranzhir" in relation to the "Tor-M1" anti-aircraft complex was the control of autonomous combat actions of batteries (with the setting, control of the performance of combat vehicles by combat vehicles, target distribution, and the issuance of target designations). Centralized control was carried out through a unified battery command post with batteries from the regiment command post. It was assumed that the command post of the regiment would use the command-staff vehicle MP22-R and the special vehicle MP25-R, developed as part of the automated command and control system of the front troops. From the command post of the regiment, in turn, the higher command post was supposed to be mated - the command post of the chief of the division's air defense, consisting of the indicated vehicles. The Kasta-2-2 or Kupol detection radar was mated with this command post.
On the indicator of the 9S737 unified battery KP, up to 24 targets were displayed according to information from a higher command post (the command post of a regiment or a command post of the division's air defense chief), as well as up to 16 targets based on information from the BM of its battery. Also displayed at least 15 ground objects with which the command post was exchanging data. The exchange rate was 1 second with the probability of delivering reports and commands of at least 0.95. The operating time of the unified battery command post for one target in the semi-automatic mode was less than 5 seconds. At the point, the possibility of working with a topographic map and a non-automated plane-table of the air situation was provided.
Information that was received from BM and other sources was displayed on the indicator on a scale of 12-100 kilometers in the form of points and forms of targets. The structure of the goal forms included the state sign. target affiliation and target number. Also, the position of the reference point, the superior command post, the radar station and the BM affected area was displayed on the indicator screen.
The unified battery gearbox carried out target distribution between BM, issuing target designations to them and, if necessary, commands to prohibit the opening of fire. The deployment time and preparation of the battery command post for work was less than 6 minutes. All equipment (and the power source) was installed on the chassis of the MT-LBu light tracked armored multipurpose amphibious tractor. The calculation of the command post consisted of 4 people.
State tests of the Tor-M1 anti-aircraft missile system were carried out in March-December 1989 at the Embensky test site (the head of the test site is Unuchko V. R.). The anti-aircraft missile system was put into service in 1991.
Compared with the Tor anti-aircraft missile system, the probability of hitting typical targets with a single guided missile was increased and amounted to: when firing at ALCM cruise missiles - 0, 56-0, 99 (in the Tor air defense system 0, 45-0, 95); for remotely piloted aircraft of the BGM type - 0, 93-0, 97 (0, 86-0, 95); for aircraft of the F-15 type - 0, 45-0, 80 (0, 26-0, 75); for helicopters like "Hugh Cobra" - 0, 62-0, 75 (0, 50-0, 98).
The engagement zone of the Tor-M1 missile system while firing at two targets at the same time remained practically the same as that of the Tor air defense system when firing at one target. This was ensured by reducing the reaction time of the "Tor-M1" when firing from a position to 7.4 seconds (from 8, 7) and when firing from short stops to 9.7 seconds (from 10, 7).
The BM 9A331 loading time with two rocket modules is 25 minutes. This exceeded the time for separate loading of the BM 9A330 with an ammunition load of 8 anti-aircraft guided missiles.
Serial production of technical and combat assets of the Tor-M1 anti-aircraft missile system was organized at the enterprises producing Tor complex assets. New means - a unified battery KP 9S737 and a four-seater TPK for guided missiles 9A331 were produced, respectively, at the Penza Radio Plant of the Ministry of Radio Industry and at the Production Association "Kirov Machine-Building Plant named after XX Party Congress" of the Minaviaprom.
Anti-aircraft missile systems "Tor" and "Tor-M1", which have no analogues in the world and are capable of hitting air targets of high-precision weapons, have demonstrated their high combat capabilities many times at military exercises, combat training and exhibitions of modern weapons in various countries. In the world arms market, these complexes had excellent competitiveness.
The complexes continue to improve today. For example, work is underway to replace the GM-355 tracked chassis with the GM-5955 chassis, developed in the Mytishchi near Moscow.
Also, work is being carried out on versions of the air defense missile system with the placement of elements on a wheelbase - in the self-propelled version "Tor-M1TA" with the placement of a control cabin on the Ural-5323 vehicle, and on the ChMZAP8335 trailer - an antenna launch station, and in the towed version "Tor- М1Б "(with placement on two trailers). Due to the rejection of off-road patency and an increase in the folding / deployment time to 8-15 minutes, a decrease in the cost of the complex is achieved. In addition, work is underway on the stationary version of the air defense missile system - the Tor-M1TS complex.
The main characteristics of the Tor-type anti-aircraft missile system:
Name - "Top" / "Top-M1"
1. The affected area:
- by range - from 1, 5 to 12 km;
- in height - from 0.01 to 6 km;
- by parameter - 6 km;
2. Probability of destruction of a fighter using one guided missile - 0, 26..0, 75/0, 45..0, 8;
3. Maximum speed of targets hit - 700 m / s;
4. Reaction time
- from position - 8, 7 s / 7, 4 s;
- from a short stop - 10.7 s / 9.7 s;
5. The flight speed of the anti-aircraft guided missile is 700..800 m / s;
6. Rocket weight - 165 kg;
7. Warhead weight - 14.5 kg;
8. Time of deployment (folding) - 3 minutes;
9. The number of target channels - 1/2;
10. The number of guided missiles on a combat vehicle - 8;
11. Year of adoption - 1986/1991.
