Traditionally, in Russia, people assigned their own names to each of their man-made creation, thereby wishing to endow them with the features of a living soul. Over time, this rule extended to the Air Force.
Russia, following the example of France, at the end of the 18th century embarked on the path of airspace exploration by means of aircraft1… But due to the underdeveloped textile and chemical production, for many years the state was forced to use foreign-built aircraft. The situation did not change with the beginning of the construction of the domestic Air Fleet. In this regard, the military department has found it necessary to purchase balloons and the required other property abroad. Soon the registered military balloons entered service with the Russian army "Falcon" and "Eagle" (volume up to 1000 m3) purchased for this purpose in France2… Later, the Oryol balloon was rejected by the commission for the use of aeronautics, pigeon mail and watchtowers for military purposes.3 due to constant gas leakage. A different fate has developed for the balloon "Falcon". In the summer of 1885 at Volkovo Pole4 (St. Petersburg) training sessions were carried out on it with the participation of the first persons of the said Commission (Major General M. M. Boreskov5 and N. P. Fedorov6), as well as officers of the aeronautic frame. In October of the same year, the balloon "Falcon" made a flight from the capital to Novgorod. This was the beginning of free flights in Russia. On this occasion, the Minister of War for the report of the Inspector General for Engineering, Lieutenant General K. Ya. Zvereva7 on the successful flight of Russian aeronauts, the following resolution was imposed: “Congratulations on the beginning and success. God grant that this business will develop in our country quickly and well for the benefit of Russia and the glory of our army and its aeronautical units… "8.
Raising the Falcon balloon. 1885 Saint Petersburg
Airship "Krechet"
Balloon "Saint Petersburg"
The airship "Yastreb" was built in Russia in 1910 by the joint-stock company "Dux" in Moscow. Designer A. I. Shabsky. Shell volume 2.800 cubic meters, length 50 m, diameter 9 m, max. speed 47 km / h
Successful steps in the development of aeronautics have aroused genuine interest in Russian society. Named aircraft began to acquire special significance. According to many military aeronautics, their names should have been exclusively of domestic origin. Already in 1886, the balloon used in military maneuvers near the city of Brest-Litovsk (Brest) received the name "Russian". Its author was a permanent member of the Commission, Lieutenant Colonel N. A. Orlov9… The patriotic impulse of the Russian officer was supported by the engineering department, and already in June 1887 the Minister of War approved the decision of the Commission on the Application of Aeronautics to assign names of birds to each balloon of the Russian army.
From the report of Lieutenant General K. Ya. Zverev to the Minister of War P. S. Vannovsky10 on the assignment of names to balloons available in the aeronautical park dated May 27 (June 8) 188711
… XI. Allow to name balls available in the park12, and for the balloon that flew in maneuvers near Brest last year, keep the name "Russian" given to him by Lieutenant Colonel Orlov, and name the other balloons after the names of various birds, such as: Eagle, Dove, Hawk, Sokol, Krechet, Korshun, Berkut, Kobchik, Seagull, Swallow, Raven, etc.
Resolution of the Minister of War: “I approve the resolution of the Commission listed in this report, I also authorize the requested expenses. General - ad. Vannovsky
Later, in addition to the "feathered" names, the names of large cities of the Russian Empire began to appear on the shells of balloons, in which aeronautical departments were stationed, for example, "WITH. Petersburg ", "Warsaw" etc. This honor was also awarded to outstanding military leaders who played a significant role in the development of domestic military aeronautics: "General Van Novsky", "General Zabotkin"]3 and others. At the end of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. the leadership of the War Ministry concluded that aeronautics has no equal in the air in terms of the ability to solve a wide range of tasks, flight duration and the mass of the payload being lifted. This circumstance, to a large extent, made it possible to strengthen the position of aeronautics in military affairs. Meanwhile, tethered balloons and kite balloons were replaced by controlled aircraft (airships).
In 1906, the head of the Main Engineering Directorate, reporting to the Minister of War on the need to have airships in service, emphasized that "armies equipped with such devices will have a powerful means of reconnaissance and can cause severe moral damage to armies that do not have such means."14… Despite the significant backwardness of Russia in the field of aeronautics from the leading European states, the military department singled it out in a separate direction. In the coming years, airships entered service with the aeronautical units: "Training"15, "Swan"16, "Gyrfalcon" 17, "Dove", "Hawk", "Berkut" and others. As you can see, the names of birds continued to prevail in the names of aircraft.
Meanwhile, the heavenly expanses of the country were rapidly conquered by aircraft heavier than air - airplanes. Like balloons at the dawn of military aeronautics, the first aircraft in our country were predominantly of foreign designs. Focusing on the development of aviation, the Russian military department actively formed aircraft detachments18hoping to equip every army corps and border military fortresses with them. Initially, for the recruitment of squadrons, it was supposed to order from abroad the most suitable for military affairs apparatus of the "Farman" and "Nieuport" type. But this decision was opposed by the majority of Russian factories, demanding the transfer of the main orders for the assembly of aircraft. The most leading aircraft building enterprises of the country at that time were considered: Russian-Baltic plant (Riga)19, plant "Dux" (Moscow), 1st Aeronautics Association S. S. Shchetinina (St. Petersburg)20, Lomach and K0 (St. Petersburg)21, partnership "Aviata" (Warsaw), St. Petersburg arsenal, plant V. A. Lebedeva22 and etc.
Unlike airships, the first aircraft mainly used the names of aircraft factories and firms that assembled them, for example: "Dux"23, "Aviata", or the names of the airline owners, for example - “Yu. A. Meller "24 … At the same time, the aircraft also had their own names - the names of famous foreign aircraft designers: Farman25, Nieupora, Bleriot, Voisin, etc. The first domestic aircraft also adhered to this rule - II. Sikorsky26 (C-3A, -5, -6A, -16, -20), A. A. Anatra27 ("Anatra"), A. A. Anatra - E. Dean (De Camp) ("Anade"), V. A. Lebedev ("Swan") etc.
Airplane of the Bleriot XI type, assembled at the Dux plant (Moscow) with its markings. 1913 year
Double monoplane "LYAM". 1912 year
Airplane "CHUR" designed by Chechet, Ushakov, Rebikov
The giant plane "Russian Knight". On the bow balcony, designer I. I. Sikorsky. 1913 year
Airplane "Meller-2"
The aircraft "BIS No. 1" designed by F. I. Bulinkin, V. V. Jordan and I. I. Sikorsky. 1910 g
Gradually, the practice of assigning abbreviated names of their creators to aircraft was consolidated in the aviation world. So, in 1912, in the workshops of the Moscow Society of Aeronautics, the Italian pilot-athlete Francesco Mosca and the Russian aviators M. Lerche28 and G. Yankovsky29 a project double monoplane was built "LYAM" (the name of the device was based on the first capital letters of the names of its creators). Designed at the level of ideas of that time, the aircraft turned out to be light, stable and performed well basic aerobatics. The monoplane was built so solidly that it could afford to withstand descents into a plowed field at full load. In May 1912 at "LYAME" one of its creators, aviator G. V. Yankovsky, during the 2nd Moscow Aviation Week, set an all-Russian record, having risen to an altitude of 1775 m. During the Aviation Week, a bimonoplane with the abbreviation was also presented "CHUR" designs by N. V. Rebikova. The name of the aircraft was also based on the capital letters of the names of its creators: G. G. Chechet, M. K. Ushakov, N. V. Rebikov. During the tests at the Khodynskoye field (Moscow), the pilot M. Lerhe, who piloted it, managed to rise into the air in a strong wind and fly "jumping in a straight line" the entire airfield. In the future, the flights of N. V. Rebikov in St. Petersburg by plane "CHUR" ended in an accident (July 1912), after which the device was no longer restored30.
During this period, aircraft in Russia began to receive their own names, which were in no way connected with the names of their designers. One of the first to receive such an honor was the twin-engine aircraft “ Grand Baltic " (designed by I. I. Sikorsky), built in the spring of 1913 at the Russian-Baltic Carriage Works (RBVZ). Due to its enormous size at that time, it was named "Grand" ("Big") with prefix "Baltic" (at the place of assembly of the aircraft - RBVZ). But this name has caused controversy among the general Russian public. Many considered it unacceptable for the naming of a Russian airship. Therefore, a further improved modification of this type of aircraft began to be called "Russian Knight". The dimensions and mass of the new aircraft were approximately twice as large as anything that was available at that time in the world aviation technology. In the summer of 1913, it set a world record for the longest time spent in the air. But fate was unfavorable to him. In September of the same year at Korpusnoy airfield during the 3rd competition of military airplanes from an airplane ("Mel ler-2"), Piloted by the famous Russian pilot A. M. Gaber-Vlynsky31, the engine came off and crashed the giant plane, which was on the ground near the hangars, the left wing box. Due to serious damage to the aircraft, its designer (I. I. Sikorsky) refused to overhaul the aircraft. One of the main reasons for his refusal was the construction of a more advanced type of giant aircraft, which began in August 1913. Soon a new modification "Russian Knight" became the plane "Ilya Muromets" (named after the Russian epic hero), who was destined to win universal respect and world fame.
With the adoption of it for service in the Russian army, the foundation was laid for the creation of long-range (strategic) bomber aviation. The name of the airship was applied in large letters (Old Russian script) in the nose of the aircraft or on its fuselage. Next to it was a military identification mark (triangular state flag), approved by the decision of the Military Council under the Minister of War in the summer of 1913.
Airplane "Farman 4" "Veliky Novgorod" from the Novgorod Society of Aeronautics. 1912 g.
The world's first heavy bomber "Ilya Muromets". 1915 year
Monoplane "Bleriot XII" captain BV Matievich-Matsievich before takeoff
Head Captain P. N. Nesterov near his Nieuport IV aircraft with the sign of belonging to the 11th corps air unit. 1914
Reconnaissance aircraft "Swan XII"
Parallel to "Ilya Muromets" during the First World War, another heavy domestic giant aircraft was also built "Svyatogor" (designed by V. A. Slesarev), which, according to some experts, was ahead of its time by several years. The estimated flight weight of this aircraft was about 6,500 kg, with 50% of it supposed to be payload. At a speed of over 100 km / h, the device had to fly for a long time - up to 30 hours and rise to an altitude of 2500 m. But representatives of the state aviation industry refused to finance V. A. Slesarev, preferring to build an airship that proved itself in practice "Ilya Muromets".
As a definite counterbalance to the giant planes, the appearance in 1912 of the "midget airplane" ("Duhovetsky-1") with an Anzani engine of 8 hp, created by a group of students of the Moscow Technical School (MTU), headed by the inventor A. V. Dukhovetskiy Its dimensions were significantly smaller than that of other aircraft and the device was one of the first domestic aircraft. Small flights were made on it. The next plane was "Duhovetsky-2", named "Maly Muromets" for a scheme unusual for small aircraft with a closed cockpit in the fuselage with glazing in the sides and in the ceiling, but without a forward view. Its construction was completed in the summer of 1914.32
The tradition of naming aircraft the names of people who played a significant role in the development of domestic aviation also developed. So, on March 23 (April 5), 1911, at a regular meeting of the flying club of the Committee for the collection of donations for the creation of the military fleet, it was decided to purchase three aircraft with the available money and assign them the appropriate names. The first of them (the "Farman" system) was named "Narodny named after Matsievich33", Another aircraft (Bleriot systems) - "People's number 2", The third (Pischoff systems) - "Narodny No. 3"34.
Thus, the Farman-type aircraft immortalized on its board the name of the outstanding Russian pilot L. M. Matsievich, who tragically died on September 24 (October 7) 1910 while performing a demonstration flight at one of the capital's airfields. By his death, he opened the sad list of Russian aviators who have tragically passed away.
July 19 (August 1) 1912 from the Commandant airfield (St. Petersburg) took off a personalized plane of the "Bleriot" system (piloted by A. E. Raevsky35), dedicated to the famous Russian pilot B. V. Matievich-Matsievich36, who suffered a plane crash in the spring of 1911 near the town of Balaklava. The device was built with funds raised by the Imperial All-Russian Aero Club (IVAC) for voluntary donations.37.
This tradition was continued during the First World War. In memory of the deceased friend - the outstanding Russian military pilot, Staff Captain P. N. Nesterov38 Lieutenant SM. Brodovich39 placed an inscription on the board of his aircraft "Memory of Nesterov". With this step, he immortalized the name of the man who committed the world's first air ramming of an enemy aircraft. Unfortunately, in subsequent years in aviation P. N. Nesterov has never been honored with such an honor.
On the eve of the war, another good tradition arose in our country - giving aircraft the names of public and private institutions and organizations that built them at their own expense. This tradition has become an integral part of the unfolding wide movement to create an Air Fleet using public money. So, in September 1912, IVAK concluded an agreement with the leadership of the North-Western Railway on the construction of an aircraft ("Farman" system) for the needs of the flying school of the flying club with the assignment of the name "Northwest Roads". To acquire it, the railway workers donated about 6 thousand rubles to the chairman of IVAK, collected by the assistant to the head of the traffic service, engineer Berkh, on voluntary donations from railway employees.40.
This initiative embraced not only Russia, but also many European states. So, on the pages of the periodical edition of the military department of the newspaper "Russian invalid" on November 8 (21), 1912, in particular, it was noted: “Just as it was in France, the cities of Romania are beginning to present airplanes as a gift to the military department. The first example was given by the city of Yassy, which delivered an airplane named after him."
Named plane "Memory of Nesterov"
"Visiting card" on board the plane of the fighter pilot ensign O. Pankratov. May 1916
Aircraft "BOB" from the 19th corps air squadron of the 1st combat aviation group. 1917 year
Aircraft of the "Farman XVI" type from the Brest-Litovsk fortress aviation detachment. 1915 year
Airplane "Farman XVI" of the 1st Aviation Detachment. St. Petersburg. 1913 year
The Russian military aviation also did not stand aside. With the beginning of the creation of the first aviation detachments in the army and navy, the need arose for their regular consolidation. In this regard, inscriptions with the numbering of one or another aviation unit began to appear on the fuselages of aircraft. For example, the location of the aircraft of the 1st Aviation Company could be determined by the existing inscription: “1st Aviation Detachment, Art. Petersburg ". Most often it was shortened to a few letters. An example of this is the Brest-Litovsk fortress aviation detachment, which used only two capital letters "B.-L." (table No. 1).
Throughout the war, all the squadrons of the Russian army received the corresponding abbreviation.
Certain military aviators placed their own names on the fuselage of aircraft in order to increase attention to their person. Among them was the pilot of the 5th fighter aviation detachment, ensign O. P. Pankratov (Northern Front). The recognized master of aerial combat used the following inscription as his calling card for friends and enemies: "Military pilot ensign Pankratov". In September 1916, in the area of the Dvina positions, he and an observer pilot of the French service, Henri Laurent, entered into an unequal battle with an enemy squadron, during which they managed to shoot down an enemy aircraft. In this air battle, the fighter pilot Pankratov was mortally wounded.
Sometimes Russian pilots decorated aircraft boards with exotic names, such as: "Bob", "Cat" etc. It seems that the knights of the air ocean were all right with a sense of humor.
In the conditions of an acute shortage of domestic aviation equipment, one of the pioneers of Russian aviation V. A. Lebedev spoke to the leadership of the military department with a proposal to re-equip captured enemy aircraft for the needs of the Russian army. The plant, which he organized in 1914 in Petrograd, began to actively deal with this problem. Soon, on the basis of German and Austrian aircraft captured at different times on the front, a new type of reconnaissance aircraft was assembled "Swan". In the future, various modifications of it entered service with the Russian army. - "Swan-XI", "Swan-XII", "Swan-XVIi", "Swan-XVII", "Swan Morskoy-1" (LM-1) and etc.
Plane "Nieuport IV" from the 4th Siberian air squadron
Aviation units encryption42 (1914 - 1916)
* Introduced as it was formed in the period 1915 - 1916.
** Order for the military department of June 25 (July 8) 1916 No. 332.
The subsequent increase in the aircraft fleet and the emergence of new aviation subdivisions (institutions) required an update of the ciphers in aviation, which was enshrined in the order for the military department in the fall of 1917 (Table 2).
Attempts have been made to develop an aircraft of the same type in large size. It was a twin-engine biplane "Swan-XIV" ("Swan-Grand"), Which, despite the insignificant bomb load (only 900 kg), developed a speed of up to 140 km / h and possessed excellent defensive weapons, which made it possible to be practically invulnerable in air combat.
But even the successful flight tests of this type of aircraft did not arouse much interest among the military and naval departments of Russia. As always, there was no money for its serial production in the country.
By the fall of 1917, Russia was on the verge of great social upheavals, which soon completely changed the face of the state and its armed forces. This could not bypass aviation, which by the end of World War I turned into a separate branch of the Ground Forces and significantly influenced the course of hostilities.
One of the first registered aircraft in Russia
The Nieuport XXI aircraft of the Grenadier Aviation Unit. 1916 year
REFERENCES AND FOOTNOTES:
1 In November 1783 g.a small balloon was launched in St. Petersburg, then a public display of the balloon ascent in Russia took place in March 1784 in Moscow. A. Demin. Khodynka: the runway of the Russian aviation. - M.: RUSAVIA, 2002.-- P.5.
2 The Eagle balloon was made of Chinese silk, the Falcon was made of percale.
3 The commission was created in accordance with the decision of the Military Council under the Minister of War of December 22, 1884 (January 3, 1885) under the Main Engineering Directorate under the chairmanship of the head of the galvanic unit, Major General M. M. Boreskov.
4 In 1885, the first personnel team of aeronautics in Russia was located on Volkom Pole.
5 Boreskov Mikhail Matveyevich [1829 - 1898] - Russian military leader, lieutenant general (1887). Assistant to the Head of the Technical Electroplating Institution. Since 1884, Chairman of the Commission on the Application of Aeronautics, Pigeon Mail and Watchtowers to Military Purposes; in 1887 he was appointed head of the Galvanic Section, which was renamed in 1891 as the Electrotechnical Section of the Main Engineering Department; member of the Russian Technical Society; in 1887 - 1895 chairman of the VII (Aeronautical) department of this society.
6 Fedorov Nikolai Pavlovich [1835 - 1900] - Russian military leader, lieutenant general (1888). Head of the Laboratory of the Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy. Since 1891, a member of the conference of the Academy; in 1869 he was appointed a member of the Commission on the Application of Aeronautics to Military Purposes; and in subsequent years he was engaged in aeronautics. In 1884 - 1886. was elected chairman of the VII department of the Russian Technical Society. From 1887 he permanently lived in Paris, carrying out various assignments of the Ministry of War.
7 Zverev Konstantin Yakovlevich [1821 - 1890] - Russian military leader, engineer-general (1887). Since 1872, member of the Engineering Committee and Chief Executive Officer of the Main Directorate; in 1882 he was appointed a comrade (deputy) inspector general for engineering.
8 RGVIA. F. 808, op.1, d.9, l.65.
9 Orlov Nikolai Alexandrovich [1855 -?] - Russian military leader, lieutenant general (1906). Since 1888, a member of the VII department of the Russian Technical Society. Since 1889, clerk-office of the Military Scientific Committee of the General Staff, member of the commission on the use of aeronautics, pigeon mail and watchtowers for military purposes, since 1892, professor at the Nikolaev Engineering Academy. In 1904 - 1905 at the disposal of the commander-in-chief of the Manchu armies; in 1906 - 1907 Chief of the 3rd Infantry Division.
10 Vannovsky Petr Semenovich [24.11. (6.12). 1822 - 17 (30).02.1904] -Russian military and political leader, general of infantry (1883). Graduated from the Moscow Cadet Corps (1840), served in the Finnish Life Guards Regiment. In the Crimean War (1853-1 856) he took part in the siege of the Silistria fortress. In 1855-1856. battalion commander. Since 1857, the head of the Officer Rifle School, since 1861, the director of the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps (since 1863, a military school). From 1868 he was the head of the 12th Army Corps. In the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878), chief of staff, then commander of the Ruschuk detachment (1878-1879). In 1880 he was enrolled in the General Staff without graduating from the Nikolaev Academy. In May-December 1881, the head of the Ministry of War, in 1882-1898. Minister of War. Since 1898, member of the State Council. In 1901-1902. Minister of Public Education.
11 RGVIA. F.808, op.1, d.23, l.36.
12 Training personnel aeronautical park at the galvanic section of the Main Engineering Department.
13 Zabotkin Dmitry Stepanovich [1837-1894] - Russian military leader, lieutenant general (1893). In 1872 - 1887. Member of the Engineering Committee of the Main Engineering Department; in 1887 - 1890 the managing director of this committee; since 1890 and. comrade general inspector for engineering, and since 1891, etc. chief chief of engineers; in 1893 he was approved in his position.
14 Airships in the war. -M. Minsk: Harvest Ast, 2000. - P.373.
15 The "Training" airship (1908), designed by captain A. I. Shabskiy, is considered the first mobile aerostat built in Russia.
16 The semi-rigid airship "Swan" in 1909 was purchased by Russia in France at the "Lebodi" plant.
17 The semi-rigid airship "Krechet", formerly called "Commission", was built in Russia in July 1909.
18 November 27, 1911 in g. Chita, under the 4th Siberian aeronautical company, the first aviation detachment in the Russian army was formed, later transformed into the 23rd corps air detachment.
19 The Russian-Baltic Carriage Works (RBVZ) is the largest enterprise in Russia that built railroad cars, cars and airplanes. The chief designer of the aviation department of the plant was the talented aircraft designer I. I. Sikorsky. The aircraft production was headed by V. F. Saveliev, then - N. N. Polikarpov (future major Soviet aircraft designer). Well-known Russian aviators acted as test pilots: G. V. Alekhnovich and G. V. Yankovsky. Within the walls of the factories were assembled: giant planes "Grand Baltic", "Russian Knight" (1913) and "Ilya Muromets" (1913-1914), fighter aircraft C-16 RBVZ, C-20, etc.
20 Airplane plant S. S. Shchetinin was founded in St. Petersburg in 1909. Initially it was named as "The First All-Russian Association of Aeronautics" (founders: sportsman, lawyer SS Shchetinin, merchant MA Shcherbakov and designer Erdeli). The chief designer of the plant is the famous Russian designer of flying boats D. P. Grigorovich. The main specialization of the plant is naval aviation.
21 Petersburg Aviation Association (PTA) Lomach and KO»Created at the turn of 1909/10. PTA founders: brothers V. A. and A. A. Lebedevs, aircraft designer S. A. Ulyanin and St. Petersburg businessman Lomach.
22 The aircraft-building plant of the joint-stock company "V. A. Lebedev”was created in the early 1910s. near St. Petersburg (New Village). AO founders: sportsman, lawyer V. A. Lebedev and his brother, Professor A. A. Lebedev. The plant built both foreign airplanes (Farman, Nieupora, Moran, Voisin, etc.) and domestic ones: CHUR, PTA, etc. Since 1915, the plant began to specialize in converting captured aircraft into domestic ones: "Lebed-11", "Lebed-12", as well as the production of propellers for aircraft. The chief designer of the plant was engineer Shkulnik, his deputy - aircraft designer N. V. Rebikov.
23 The Dux bicycle factory, established in 1893 by the beginning of the 1910s. started the construction of aircraft. In June 1909, an airplane of the Wright Brothers type was assembled at the plant with some changes in management. A. Demin. Khodynka: the runway of the Russian aviation. - M.: RUSAVIA, 2002.- P.39.
54 Yu. A. Meller (Brezhnev) - Director of the Joint Stock Company "Dux". Officially, the Joint Stock Company was called JSC “Duks Yu. A. Möller”, but this name did not catch on. Already at the beginning of the 1910s. on the rear rudders of the Dux airplanes wrote "AO Dux" Yu. A. Meller”, then only JSC“Duks”remained. A. Demin. Khodynka: the runway of the Russian aviation. M.: RUSAVIA, 2002. - p. 58.
25 Henri (Henry) Farman [1874 -1958] - French pilot and aircraft designer. In 1908 he created his own aviation company, in 1909 he organized a flight school, where the first Russian aviators also studied. In 1912, Henri Farman united under the common name “Farman” two aircraft manufacturing firms - his own and his brother Maurice [1877-1964].
26 Sikorsky Igor Ivanovich [1889 - 1972] - famous Russian-American aircraft designer. During the period of his activity in Russia he created the world's first giant aircraft: Grand Baltic, Russian Knight, Ilya Muromets, S-19 attack aircraft. In October 1914, on the basis of the English Tabloid reconnaissance aircraft, he developed the first Russian C-16 RBVZ fighter aircraft. In 1912-1917. worked at the Russian-Baltic Carriage Works as a manager and chief designer of the Aeronautical Department. Since 1918 in exile (at the beginning to France, then to the USA). The founder of helicopter construction and large aircraft in the United States. In total, he designed 42 types of aircraft and 20 types of helicopters.
27 The Anatra plant in Odessa on the eve and during the First World War was the largest aircraft manufacturing enterprise in the south of Russia. The design bureau of the plant was headed by G. M. Makeev. The plant assembled most of the aircraft of foreign models, and also designed its own domestic aircraft: VI, Anatra, Anade, Anasol, etc.
28 Lerhe Max Germanovich [1889 -?] - one of the first Russian pilots, aircraft designer, brother of a member of the State Duma. He graduated from the pilot school of the society "Aviat" (1911). In 1912 g.took part in the design of the domestic aircraft "LYAM". During the 1st World War as part of the 1st 6th corps air squadron (until August 1915 he flew 54 sorties). In March 1916, he led one of the first fighter squadrons in the Russian Army (12th, Northern Front). During the Civil War, he served in the Slavic-British Aviation Corps, a lieutenant in the British Air Force. After the war in exile.
29 Yankovsky Georgy Viktorovich [1888 -?] - one of the first Russian pilots, aircraft designer. Graduated from the pilot school of the society "Aviat", "Bleriot" (1911). В1 1912 took part in the design of the domestic aircraft "LYAM". During the 1st World War, as part of the 16th Corps Squadron, he was recognized as one of the best reconnaissance pilots. Until June 1915, he flew 66 sorties. For courage and bravery he was awarded 5 orders. From 1915 he served in the Ilya Muromets Air Squadron. During the Civil War, he served in the aviation of Admiral Kolchak. After the war in exile, then as part of the Croatian Air Force. Took part in World War II on the side of Nazi Germany against the USSR. Didn't return from combat flight.
30 A. Demin. Khodynka: the runway of the Russian aviation. - M.: RUSAVIA, 2002.-- p. 96.
31 Gaber-Vlynsky Adam Myacheslavovich [1883 - 21.6.1921] - one of the first Russian aviators, master of aerial aerobatics. He studied flying art at the schools of Bleriot and Farman in France. In 1910 he began practical flights in Russia. In the winter of 1912-1913. set six All-Russian records and, according to the results of the 3rd Aviation Week (1913), was recognized as the best pilot-athlete of Russia. He was a member of the first Russian "five-looper" (performing aerobatics). Test pilot of JSC "Duks". Member of the Moscow Aviation Committee and assistant commander of the Moscow Military District for Aviation (1918). Later he emigrated to Poland. Test pilot and instructor of the Higher School of Pilots in Lublin. Died in a plane crash (1921).
32 A. Demin. Khodynka: the runway of the Russian aviation. - M.: RUSAVIA, 2002.-- P.97.
33 Matsievich Lev Makarovich [1877 - 24.9 (7.10). 1910] - one of the first Russian pilots, captain of the Corps of Naval Engineers. He graduated from the Nikolaev Naval Academy (1906), the course of the Scuba Diving Training Detachment (1907), the Pilot School in France (1910). Since December) 1907 as a member of diving officers and supervising the construction of domestic submarines at the Baltic Shipyard. From May 1908 he was assistant to the head of the design bureau of the Marine Technical Committee. Developer of submarine projects (14), mine barrier projects (2), seaplane project. He was one of the first in the world to propose projects for an aircraft carrier and a catapult for taking off an aircraft. Since 1910 he has been a member of the Air Fleet Division. Among the first group of Russian officers he received the diploma of an aviator. One of the developers of the theory of the use of naval aviation in war. He died tragically in the first plane crash in Russia (1910).
34 Russian invalid, March 29 (April 11) 1911. №69. - C.2.
35 Raevsky Alexander Evgenievich [1887 - 1937-07-10] - Russian military pilot, one of the leading domestic masters of aerobatics. He graduated from the pilot school (1911) and aerobatics courses (1914) in France. Aerobatics instructor in aviation schools, later instructor of the Sevastopol Military Aviation School (1914-1915; 1916-1917). From June 1915 to early 1916 as part of the 32nd air squadron of the active army. From July 1917 he was a pilot, later - the commander of the 10th fighter aviation detachment. In December 1917, he was the head of the air station of the Main airfield of Uvoflot. During the Civil War, he taught at various aviation schools of the Red Air Force. Since May 1920, he was a member of the flight department of Glavozdukhoflot. Author of a number of scientific papers on the history of aviation. In 1924 -1 930. in the publishing house of the magazine "Airplane". Unreasonably repressed (1937). Rehabilitated in 1968
36 Matyevich-Matsievich Bronislav Kalins Vitoldovich [2 (12).10.1882 -21.4. (4.05.). 1911] - Russian military pilot, staff captain. Graduated from a pilot school in France (1910). Instructor of the Sevastopol Aviation School. Died tragically in a plane crash (1912).
37 Russian invalid, July 21 (August 3), 1912, No. 160. - C.1.
38 Nesterov Petr Nikolaevich [15 (27).02.1887 - 26.08. (8.09.) 1914] - Russian military pilot, captain (1914, posthumously). He graduated from the Mikhailovsky Artillery School (1906), the Officer Aeronautical School (OVSh) (1912). In 1912-1913. attached to the aviation department of the OVSh. In 1913, he was a member of the squadron at the 7th aeronautical company. Deputy Chief, then Chief of the 11th Corps Squadron of the 3rd Aviation Company. 1913-09-09, for the first time in the world, made a closed curve "loop" on an airplane. A participant in a number of long air flights and one of the developers of the "Russian air battle". On September 8, 1914, for the first time in the world, he rammed an enemy plane by air, during which he was killed.
39 Brodovich Sergey Mikhailovich [9 (21). 10.1885 - until 1923] - famous Russian aviator, captain (1917). He graduated from the Tiflis Cadet Corps, the Nikolaev Engineering School (1st grade), the Officer Class of the Aeronautical Training Park (1910), the course of the Nieuport training division of the Air Combat and Air Shooting School in France (1915). Served as a member of the 3rd Aeronautical Company. In 1911 he received the title of "military pilot". Further instructor, Art. instructor of the aviation department of the Officer aeronautical school, mentor of the famous Russian pilot P. N. Nesterova. In 1914 he was the commander of the Ilya Muromets No. 3 airship. In the fall of 1915 - in the spring of 1917 on a business trip abroad in France. From April 1917 he was the commander of the 2nd corps air squadron. Later in exile (Yugoslavia).
40 Russian disabled person. September 8 (21), 1912, No. 198. - C.2.
41 In the same place. 8 (21) November 1912, No. 245. - C.4.
42 A. Kimbovsky. Badges of the Russian military aviation 1913 -1917. Zeikhgauz (5). - P.34.
43 In the same place.
