The political crisis in the country and the ensuing long fratricidal Civil War left their mark on the decoration of the combat vehicles of the aviation units of the opposing sides. Despite the certain apoliticality of the red aviators (during this period various emblems prevailed on airplanes), individual devices sometimes turned into real flying propaganda posters. In the Red Army, one could find planes decorated with inscriptions, for example, or At the same time, such arts were practically not used in white aviation. There were only isolated cases when aviators placed female names on the fuselages of their aircraft. So, on the Northern Front, naval pilot Lieutenant Yakovitsky flew with the inscription Later this plane became a trophy of the red units.
With the end of the Civil War, the propaganda focus in the RRKA Air Force did not lose its relevance, but only changed and began to reflect the pressing problems of the current day. For the promotion of physical culture in the country, for example, a large poster was placed on one of the U-1 aircraft with the appeal: [the end of the text is missing in the presented photograph of the aircraft]. As you can see, the leadership of the Air Force paid great attention to the physical training of Soviet pilots, sometimes resorting to such unusual agitation.
Plane-poster "Red Winner"
Airplane "Bristol F.2V" with the dead head of IU Pavlov. 1918 H
The plane I. U. Pavlova "Fokker D. XIII" with the inscription "For V. K. P. (b)"
As in the years of the First World War, individual red pilots placed individual slogans on the fuselages of combat vehicles. The famous aviator I. U. Pavlov1, awarded three Orders of the Red Banner during the Civil War. Expressing his loyalty to the Bolshevik Party, he placed an inscription on his plane: Previously, the side of his car was decorated with an emblem of a different orientation, presented in the form of a dead head with a dagger blade in his teeth, the image of which was complemented by menacing words:
During the war, I. U. Pavlov also had to fly on an airplane, the former owner of which named him (fr. Lang., It was this inscription that saved the life of the red pilot when he was in the camp of the enemy.
With an unsuccessful shelling of an armored train of white, the plane I. U. Pavlova was hit. When landing near the railway line, he was found by a white Cossack patrol. Posing as a white pilot flying on a captured red plane, he managed to convince the Cossacks of the veracity of his words. Gullible Cossacks helped I. U. Pavlov start the engine. When the plane took off, the red pilot fired at his rescuers with a machine gun …2
In the 1920s. the rapid development of the Soviet aircraft industry began. Aircraft began to appear with various exotic names such as: (designs by Vasily Khioni, 1923), (designs by Vyacheslav Nevdachin, 1927), (designs by S. N. Gorelov, A. A. Semenov and L. I. Sutugin, 1926), etc.
Thus, the aircraft, being a representative of light biplanes, developed in flight speeds of up to 120 km / h and reached an altitude of 3200 m. Good stability in the air and maneuverable characteristics made it possible to use it in the national economy. A total of 30 vehicles of this type were built, which opened the era of agricultural aviation in the USSR.
Plane-poster U-1
In parallel with aviation, there was an active development of Soviet gliding. Great help to fans of gliding sports was provided by the leadership of Glavozdukhoflot, which made a decision in November 1921 to create a special group of glider pilots under the scientific editorial office of the journal "Bulletin of the Air Fleet", which was named "Soaring Flight". Thanks to the huge interest in this sport, in the coming years, non-powered aircraft with various names and original designs appeared in the country.
In 1923, within the walls of the Aviarabotnik plant, the aeronaut N. D. Anoshchenko designed his own balancer glider 17-year-old A. Yakovlev took part in its construction3, in the future an outstanding Soviet aircraft designer. Two years later, students of the B. C. Vakhmistrov and M. K. Tikhonravov create a single record glider with a sonorous name Unfortunately, his very first flight ended in disaster. Piloting glider pilot A. A. Zhabrov received a severe spinal injury.
The tendency of perpetuating the names of famous people in the country on the fuselages of aircraft also found its development. Among the first in Soviet times, the pioneer of Russian aviation and gliding B. I. Russian4… So, already in 1921, an inscription appeared on the wings of the "Moran G" aircraft: This name ("grandfather"5), according to the aviator himself, he received personally from V. I. Lenin, who was present on May 1, 1918, at the first air festival in Soviet Russia, held on Khodynka. Fascinated by the flights of B. Rossiyskiy, the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars appreciated the pilot's high aerobatic skills and endowed the latter with an "honorary title". Later with a similar inscription in the late 1920s. the plane of the "ANT-3" type was flying. Thus, B. Rossiysky turned out to be one of the first pilots in domestic practice, who was awarded the right to this high honor even during his lifetime. But in the early 1920s. this was the exception to the rule. In general, the leadership of the Red Army Air Force strove to adhere to the principle - to devote the names of aircraft to the already deceased aviators or representatives of other branches of the armed forces. Thus, a personalized reconnaissance aircraft of the "R-1" type appeared in the military aviation, and a number of gliders were named after their designers: (AVF-11), (AVF-9), who tragically died in aviation accidents.
Airplane "Little Humpbacked Horse". 1923 year
Glider "Makaka", designs by N. D. Anoshchenko. 1923 year
Plane R-1 "Krasnogvardeets Ivan Dubovoy". 1926 year
"Russian grandfather". "Moran G". 1921 year
In October 1927, the Chief of the Air Force of the Moscow Military District I. U. Pavlov petitioned the leadership of the Red Army Air Force to assign the names of the aviators of the 1st Soviet Fighter Air Group (A. I. Efimova6 and G. S. Sapozhnikova7) who died during the Civil War. Chief of the Red Army Air Force P. I. Baranov8 supported this initiative and, in turn, reported on the merits of the issue to the Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR I. S. Unshlikht9.
Glider "Serpent Gorynych" in flight. 1925 g
Agreeing with the arguments of the leadership of the Air Force, I. S. Unshlikht gave the appropriate order to the head of the department of the device and service of the troops of the Main Directorate of the Red Army on the formalization of the procedure for assigning the names of heroically killed pilots to specific reconnaissance aircraft in a special order of the RVS of the USSR11… Later, the registered aircraft were included in the aviation squadron.
Meanwhile, the Air Force established the practice of assigning an honorary name to an aviation unit to place it on board aircraft that were part of the specified aviation formation. For example, this was done by the pilots of a separate aviation detachment for testing naval aircraft of the RKKA Air Force Research Institute, placing on their cars the name of the deceased comrade M. A. Korovkin.
With the end of the Civil War in the USSR, special attention was paid to the construction of the Air Force, which, in the opinion of the country's military-political leadership, played an important role in strengthening the defense capability of the Soviet state. To attract the attention of Soviet people, especially young people, to the problems of aviation development in March 1923.the Society of Friends of the Air Fleet (ODVF) and the Russian Society of Voluntary Air Fleet (Dobrolet) were established. With their participation, various campaigning events were widely held, including the Air Fleet Weeks. Thus, at the call of the ODVF and Dobrolet, in just ten months of 1923, 3 million rubles were collected in gold for the construction of aircraft, airfields, aircraft factories. The Ulyanov family also made their contribution. Only for the construction of the aircraft V. I. Lenin and N. K. Krupskaya personally contributed 60 gold rubles.
The military units and educational institutions of the Red Army did not lag behind public organizations. Thus, by the forces of cadets and teachers of the Serpukhov School of Air Shooting and Bombing, extensive campaigning work was launched at the city's enterprises in support of strengthening the Air Fleet. This made it possible to raise funds in a short time for the construction of an aircraft that later entered service with the Red Army Air Force.
In the winter of 1924, the formation of a separate reconnaissance detachment was completed (commander - B. C. Rutkovsky14). Taking into account the request of the workers who contributed money for the construction of nine aircraft, on each combat vehicle a kind of identification mark was depicted in the form of a powerful working hand clenched into a fist. The detachment became part of the Air Force of the Moscow Military District.
After the death of the first leader of the Soviet state, the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR issued a special order (No. 367 of March 9, 1924), in which, in order to perpetuate the memory of V. I. Lenin, one of the best units of the Air Force was named after him.
With the aim of re-equipping the squadron with new aviation equipment, collecting money for its construction began throughout the country. In a short time, the first 19 aircraft were built, which already on June 1, 1924, delegates of the XIII Party Congress presented to the squadron pilots at the Central Aerodrome (Khodynka, Moscow). Each device had its own name, by which it was possible to conclude that the provision of aviation equipment to the squadron named after V. I. Lenin was the concern of the whole people.
The names of the aircraft that entered service with the 1st Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron: - -
On this occasion in those days the newspaper "Pravda" wrote:
Due to the fact that in the course of the fundraising for aircraft for the 1st squadron of combat vehicles, more than those envisaged by its staff were built, a decision is made to create such an honor was awarded to the 1st Soviet fighter squadron (Leningrad). which received 18 new aircraft. At the same time, 6 more aircraft, built with public money, were included in the aviation detachment (Kharkov).
In March 1925, the 6th separate reconnaissance squadron was renamed into an aviation squadron
A separate squadron was armed with registered aircraft: (in memory of M. V. Frunze18), later - and
Some of the squadron's crews took part in the hostilities in Turkestan in the same year.
In the 1920s. patronage work was developed, which did not bypass the Air Force. Many labor collectives took patronage over the aviation units, providing them with all-round support, including the supply of new military equipment. So, representatives of the railway and water transport of the Moscow junction by the beginning of the Ill-th Congress of Soviets of the USSR (May 17, 1925) presented their sponsored 2nd Fighter Squadron with 11 aircraft built with the funds raised by them. Soon, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 719 of July 3, 1925, the squadron was named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky21, who was at that time the People's Commissar of Railways.
Signature aircraft Junkers Ju-21
P-1 Squadron "Our Answer to Chamberlain". 1927 H
Glider "Morlet Klementyev"
Airplane R-1 "Krasny Voronezh - Ilyich". 1924 year
Reconnaissance aircraft R-3 (ANT-3) "Proletarian". 1925 g
On July 9, 1929, the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, by its order No. 179, officially assigned an honorary title to the 18th Aviation Squad of the Red Army Air Force: This honor was awarded to the squadron thanks to the patronage of the Central Committee of the Union of Communal Services Workers, which built and transferred a registered aircraft to this squadron
The signing of the Rapallo Treaty between the USSR and Germany created a legal basis for economic cooperation, including in the field of the aviation industry. The German side proposed to allocate significant funds for the development of aircraft manufacturing (including engine building) in the Soviet Union on the condition that a number of Soviet aircraft factories be temporarily used in the interests of the Reichswehr. Despite the fact that this proposal practically violated the prohibition of the Versailles Pact (1919), which limited the activities of the military-industrial complex of Germany, the leadership of the USSR agreed with it. In accordance with the contract No. 1 signed on November 26, 1922 between the German company Junkers and the Soviet government, Junkers was granted the right to manufacture aircraft and motors in the USSR, incl. and for parts of the Red Army24.
Named aircraft U-13 "Sibrevkom"
In the mid-1920s. German aircraft of the Junker type of various modifications began to enter service with Soviet air units: Ju 20 (reconnaissance aircraft), Ju 21, Ju 21c (fighters), Yug-1 (bombers), etc. According to the tradition established at that time, many of them soon became personalized. Some "Junkers" took part in the organized on the initiative of the specially created Commission for large Soviet flights, headed by the chief of staff of the Red Army S. S. Kamenev25 ultra-long-distance flights to the Far East. The idea of such a Eurasian "air bridge" arose on the eve of the First World War with the aim of bringing Europe and Asia closer together by means of air communications. It was planned to carry out a flight from Beijing to Paris on the route: Beijing-Urga - Irkutsk - Omsk - Kazan - Moscow - Warsaw-Vienna - Trieste - Genoa - Avignon - Dijon - Paris, with stops in the indicated cities. The launch was planned for September 1, 1912 from the Beijing airfield and ended on November 1 of the same year in the French capital. During this time, the participants in the flight had to cover a distance of 13 thousand km.26.
The first flight to the Far East took place on June 10, 925, in which a group of aircraft of various types took part: "R-1" (pilot M. M. Gromov, E. V. Rodzevich), "R-1" (pilot M A. Volkovoynov, flight mechanic V. P. Kuznetsov), "R-2" (pilot A. N. Ekatov, flight mechanic F. P. Malikov), "Yu-13" (pilot I. K. Polyakov, flight mechanic V. V. Osipov), "AK-1" (pilot A. I. Tomashevsky, flight mechanic V. P. Kamyshev). In 52 flight hours, a route of 6476 km Moscow - Beijing was covered. Later, two R-1 crews from Beijing headed for Tokyo and on September 2, 1925, successfully landed in the capital of Japan. Thus, for the first time in the history of world aviation, the Sea of Japan was overcome by land-based aircraft. For this feat, all pilots and mechanics, participants in the flight, were awarded the Orders of the Red Banner, and the pilots were also awarded the honorary title "Honored Pilot"27.
Airplane R-1 "Atheist"
The registered aircraft of the society DOBROLET Ts. O. VKP (b) Pravda. 1923 year
A German-made Fokker F.lll RR1 "Latvian shooter" aircraft that took part in a flight on the Moscow - Beijing route. / 99.5 g
Nevertheless, German aircraft were not very popular among Soviet pilots. To a certain extent, this was in line with the intentions of the Soviet leadership to speed up the transition to the production of domestic aircraft. A wide campaign was launched in the country - to equip the Red Army Air Force only with Soviet weapons. For this purpose, the general public was attracted with its communist fervor.
So, around the 3rd corps squadron (Ivanovo-Voznesensk) formed at the end of May 1925, the aircraft fleet of which consisted exclusively of German Ju 21 aircraft, the next year a movement began to fully re-equip it with Soviet aircraft.
The Ivanovo regional newspaper "Rabochy Krai" wrote in those days: This initiative was supported by many enterprises and institutions of the region, as well as other cities of the country, which made their contribution to the construction of aircraft.
A year later, the squadron began to receive new combat vehicles built with folk funds. At the same time, the names on the sides of the aircraft spoke for themselves: (the last three aircraft of the "R-1" type were named in memory of the Ivanovo Bolshevik underground fighters), etc.
After some time, vehicles appeared at the detachment's parking lots, on the sides of which it was displayed:
A similar trend took place in Moscow, where in the summer of 1927 a ceremonial transfer of airplanes and workers of the capital built with the collected funds took place to the 20th aviation detachment.
During the celebration of the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution, representatives of the Osoaviakhim and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions presented the RKKA Air Force with a good gift - aircraft built with funds from the
consumer cooperatives under the motto The chosen motto was a reflection of the political situation that has developed in connection with the severance of diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union at the initiative of British Foreign Minister O. Chamberlain. Among the first, this name was given to the ANT-3 aircraft, which performed a flight on the Moscow - Tokyo route.
Later, by a special order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, the registered aircraft were concentrated in the 11th Aviation Brigade.
Various public organizations did not stand aside either. So, in June 1929, at the M. V. Frunze, in a solemn atmosphere, representatives of the Air Force were presented with two planes: (R-1) both from the Union of Societies of Atheists (atheists) and from the cell of Osoaviakhim Vsekopromsoyuz.
At the same time, Soviet glider pilots continued to amaze and amaze with their new developments. In 1928, a single-seat glider of a record type (designed by A. N. Sharapov and V. N. Verzilov) and a double training glider (designed by A. N. Sharapov), built in Simferopol, were presented to numerous amateurs of non-motorized aviation.
The next decade was truly a time of active development of Soviet aviation and new world records in the development of airspace, bringing the USSR into the category of world aviation powers.
Gliders "Buyan" and "Kudeyar". 1928 H
Signature aircraft of the Civil War
REFERENCES AND FOOTNOTES:
1 Pavlov Ivan Ulyanovich [1891-26-11 (according to other sources - 1893) - 1936-11-04] - Soviet military leader. Graduated from the Higher Academic Courses. In military service since 1914. Served as part of the 1st Combat Aviation Group (1917). In 1918 he created the 1st Soviet Combat Aviation Group. After the war, deputy inspector, chief inspector of the Red Army Air Force. In 1924-1930. Chief of the Air Force of the Moscow Military District.
2 D. V. Mityurin. Red "Aviadarm"./ World of Avionics, 2003. №2. - P.65.
3 Yakovlev Alexander Sergeevich [19.3 (1.4). 1906 - 1989] - Soviet aircraft designer, twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1940, 1957), Colonel General Engineer (1946), Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). In the Red Army since 1924. Since 1927, student of the Air Force Engineering Academy. NOT. Zhukovsky. In 1931 he was an engineer at an aircraft plant, where he formed the design bureau of light aviation. Since 1935, the main, and in 1956-1984. - general designer. In 1940-1946. simultaneously Deputy People's Commissar of the Aviation Industry. More than 100 types of production aircraft and their modifications have been created under his leadership.
4 Russian Boris Iliodorovich [1884-1977] - the first Moscow aviator and one of the first Russian airplane pilots.
5 During this period B. I. The Russian was only 34 years old.
6 Efimov Alexander Ivanovich [? - 1919-28-06] - a red military pilot. During the Civil War, he fought as part of the 1st Soviet Fighter Air Group. Crashed while landing in the dark (1919).
7 Sapozhnikov Georgy Stepanovich [? -6.09.1920] - red military ace pilot. Graduated from the Samara real school, the Sevastopol pilot school (1915). In the Air Force since 1914. During the First World War he took part in 37 air battles, shot down 2 enemy aircraft. Served as a member of the 1st 6th corps air squadron (1915-1916), then - the 9th air squadron (1916-1918). During the Civil War, he fought as part of the 1st Soviet Fighter Air Group. One of the most successful military pilots of the Red Air Force. He died tragically while taking off from the airfield (1920).
8 Baranov Petr Ionovich [10 (22).09.1892 - 5.9.1933] - Soviet military leader. In military service since 1915. He graduated from the Chernyaev general education courses in St. Petersburg. For anti-government agitation among soldiers, he was sentenced in 1916 by a military court to 8 years in hard labor. Released during the February Revolution (1917). In December 1917 he became the chairman of the revolutionary committee of the Romanian Front. In April 1918 g.commander of the Donetsk army. In the period 1919 - 1920. served in the following positions: a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 8th Army, the Southern Army Group of the Eastern Front, the Turkestan Front, the 1st and 14th armies. He took a direct part in the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising (1921). In 1921 - 1922. He was a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Turkestan Front and acting commander of the troops of the Fergana region, in 1923 the head and commissar of the armored forces of the Red Army. From August 1923 he was assistant to the chief of the Main Directorate of the Air Fleet for political affairs, from October 1924 he was deputy chief, and from March 1925 he was chief of the Red Army Air Force. With his active participation, the restructuring of the Air Force was carried out in accordance with the military reform of 1924-1925, decisions were made to mobilize command personnel from other types of troops in the Air Force. In January 1932, Deputy People's Commissar of Heavy Industry and Head of the Main Directorate of the Aviation Industry. Killed in a plane crash (1933).
9 Unshlikht Joseph Stanislavovich [19 (31).12.1879 - 07.29.1937] - Soviet statesman, party and military leader. Since 1900 he began his revolutionary activities. In the October days of 1917, he was a member of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. After the October Revolution, a member of the NKVD board. In 1919, the People's Commissar for Military Affairs of the Lithuanian-Belarusian SSR. In April - December 1919, he was a member of the Military Council of the 16th Army (until 9 June 1919 - the Belarusian-Lithuanian Army), from December 1919 to April 1921 - of the Western Front. In 1921 - 1923. Deputy Chairman of the Cheka (GPU). In 1923 - 1925. member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR and chief of the supply of the Red Army. In 1925 - 1930. - Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR and Deputy. People's Commissar of Military Affairs, at the same time since 1927 Deputy. Chairman of the Osoaviakhim of the USSR. In 1930 - 1933. deputy. Chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, in 1933 - 1935. Head of the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet. Repressed in 1937
10 RGVA. F.29, op.7, d.277, l. Z.
11 In the same place. L.4.
12 Collection of orders of the RVSR, RVS of the USSR and NKO on the assignment of names to units, formations and institutions of the Armed Forces of the USSR. 4.1. 1918 - 1937 - M., 1967.-- p. 296.
13 Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich [4 (16).2.1893 - 1 1.6.1937] - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935). He graduated from the Alexander Military School (1914), took an active part in the 1st World War. In the period 1915 -1917. was in captivity. During the Civil War: Representative of the Military Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Commissar of Defense of the Moscow Region, Commander of the 1st Army of the Eastern Front, Assistant Commander of the Southern Front, Commander of the Army of the Southern Front, Commander of the Caucasian, then Western Fronts. He led the operation to suppress the Kronstadt and Tambov uprisings in 1921. Since 1921 he headed the Military Academy of the Red Army, from July 1924 - Deputy Chief of Staff of the Red Army, November 1925 to May 1928 - Chief of Staff of the Red Army, took an active part in the military reform of 1924 - 1925. From May 1928 he commanded the troops of the Leningrad Military District. Since 1931, Deputy People's Commissar for Military Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, Chief of Armaments of the Red Army, since 1934 - Deputy People's Commissar of Defense, since 1936 Deputy People's Commissar of Defense and Head of the Combat Training Directorate. In 1937, commander of the Volga Military District. In the same year, he was illegally repressed on false charges. Rehabilitated (posthumously) in 1956
14 Rutkovsky V. S. [? -?] - Russian and Soviet military leader. During the 1st World War as part of the WWF of the active army, lieutenant colonel (1917). Consecutively held positions: pilot of the 8th corps air squadron, commander of the 18th air squadron, commander of the 10th air division. Chief of the Air Force of the Moscow Military District (1918 - 1919). In 1924 he was the commander of a separate reconnaissance detachment "Ultimatum".
15 Collection of orders of the RVSR, RVS of the USSR and NKO on the assignment of names to units, formations and institutions of the Armed Forces of the USSR. 4.1. 1918 - 1937 - M „1967. - S. 172.
16 Sklyansky Efraim Markovich [1892 -1925] - Soviet statesman and military leader. Member of the 1st World War. In the Red Army since 1918. Member of the Petrograd RVK, commissar of the General Staff and Headquarters of the VG. Collegium member and Deputy People's Commissar for Military Affairs, member of the Supreme Military Council. Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (1918 - 1924), member of the Council of Labor and Defense (1920 - 1921). From 1924 he worked at the Supreme Council of the National Economy. Died on a business trip abroad (1925).
Later it was transformed into an air squadron of the same name.
17 Collection of orders of the RVSR, RVS of the USSR and NKO on the assignment of names to units, formations and institutions of the Armed Forces of the USSR. 4.1. 1918 - 1937 - M., 1967.-- p. 212.
18 Frunze Mikhail Vasilievich [21.1 (2.2). 1885 - 31.10.1925] - Soviet statesman and military leader, military theorist. In military service since 1916. From 1904 he studied at the St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, expelled for revolutionary activities. From 1905 to 1917 professional revolutionary, was repeatedly arrested and exiled. In 1917, the head of the people's militia of Minsk, a member of the committee of the Western Front, a member of the executive committee of the Minsk Soviet. During the October armed uprising in Petrograd, the chairman of the All-Russian Revolutionary Committee of Shuya. In the spring and summer of 1918, simultaneously the head of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk province commissariat, then the military commissar of Yaroslavl From January 1919, commander of the 4th Army, in May - June - the Turkestan Army, from July - the troops of the Eastern, and from August - the Turkestan fronts. In September 1920, the commander of the Southern Front. The authorized RVS of the Republic in Ukraine, Commander of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and Crimea (1920 - 1922), at the same time in November 1921 - January 1922 headed the Ukrainian diplomatic delegation to Turkey when concluding a treaty of friendship between them. SNK and Deputy Chairman of the Economic Council of Ukraine. Since March 1924, Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR and People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, since April, simultaneously Chief of Staff of the Red Army and Head of the Military Academy of the Red Army. Since January 1925, the chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR and the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, since February also a member of the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR.
19 Collection of orders of the RVSR, RVS of the USSR and NKO on the assignment of names to units, formations and institutions of the Armed Forces of the USSR. 4.1. 1918 - 1937 - M., 1967.-- p. 226.
20 Bubnov Andrey Sergeevich [22.3 (3.4). 1884 - 1.8.1938] - Soviet statesman and military leader, army commissar of the 1st rank (1924). In military service in 1918 - 1929 He studied at the Moscow Agricultural Institute, was expelled for revolutionary activities. In 1907 - 1917. at professional revolutionary work. In October 1917, he was a member of the Politburo of the RSDLP (b) and the Military Revolutionary Party Center for the leadership of the armed uprising in Petrograd. Since December 1917, a member of the collegium of the People's Commissariat for Transport, Commissioner of the Railway of the Republic in the South. In March - April 1918, the people's secretary (people's commissar) of economic affairs of the Ukrainian SSR, in April-July a member of the Bureau for the leadership of the insurrectionary struggle behind enemy lines, in July-September the chairman of the All-Ukrainian center of the RVK. In March - April 1919, he was the chairman of the Kiev Provincial Executive Committee. Member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Ukrainian Front (April - June 1919), 14th Army (June - October), Kozlov shock group (October - November), head of the political department of the Left Bank Group of Forces (November - December). In August 1919-September 1920 he was a member of the Defense Council of the Ukrainian SSR. He took an active part in the leadership of troops on the fronts of the Civil War in Russia (1917-1922). Since 1921 he was a member of the South-Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), in 1921 - 1922. member of the Strategic Military Council of the North Caucasus Military District and the 1st Cavalry Army. In 1922 - 1923. head of the Agitprom of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). From January 1924 to September 1929 he was the head of the Political Administration of the Red Army, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, chairman of the commission for the introduction of one-man command in the Red Army and the Navy. In 1929 - 1937. People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. Unreasonably repressed (1938). Rehabilitated (posthumously) in 1956
21 Dzerzhinsky Felix Edmundovich [30.8 (1 1.9). 1877 - 1926-07-20] - Soviet statesman and military leader. Professional revolutionary. In October 1917, he was a member of the Military Revolutionary Party Center for the leadership of the armed uprising in Petrograd and the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. Since December 1917, the chairman of the Cheka for the fight against counterrevolution and sabotage. Since August 1918, the chairman of the Special Department of the Cheka, called upon to suppress subversive activities in the Red Army. Leading the Cheka, and since 1919 the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, at the same time carried out important tasks at the fronts. From September 1919 he was a member of the Moscow Defense Committee, from May to September 1920 he was the chief of the rear services of the South-Western Front, then a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Western Front. In 1920 - 1921. headed various state commissions. From April 1921People's Commissar of Railways, at the same time chairman of the Cheka and People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. Since July 1923 he has been a member of the USSR Labor and Defense Council. Since September 1923, chairman of the board of the United State Political Administration under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (OGPU), and since February 1924, chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh).
22 Collection of orders of the RVSR, RVS of the USSR and NKO on the assignment of names to units, formations and institutions of the Armed Forces of the USSR. 4.1. 1918 - 1937 - М „1967. - С.227.
23 In the same place. P.276.
24 YES. Sobolev. D. B. Khazanov. German footprint in domestic aviation. - M.: RUSAVIA, 2000.-- P.56.
25 Kamenev Sergei Sergeevich [4 (16).4.1881 - 25.8.1936] - Soviet military leader, commander of the 1st rank (1935). Graduated from the Alexander Military School (1900) and the General Staff Academy (1907). Member of the 1st World War: senior adjutant of the operations department of the 1st Army, commander of an infantry regiment, chief of staff of a rifle corps, colonel. During the Civil War: Chief of Staff of the 15th Rifle Corps, then - 3rd A, military leader of the Nevelsk region of the Western section of the veil (1918), commander of the Eastern Front (1918 - 1919, with a break in May 1919). Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic and a member of the RVSR (1919 - 1924). Since March 1925, Chief of Staff of the Red Army, from November - Chief Inspector, then Head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army. Since May 1927, Deputy People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. Since June 1934, the head of the Air Defense Directorate of the Red Army. Died in 1936.
26 Russian invalid, May 19 (June 1) 1912. No. 108. - S. Z.
27 VC. Muravyov. Air Force testers. M.: Voenizdat, 1990. - P.73.
28 Collection of orders of the RVSR, RVS of the USSR and NKO on the assignment of names to units, formations and institutions of the Armed Forces of the USSR. 4.1. 1918 - 1937 - M „1967. - P.275.
