To begin with, let's remember what was said in the material “We are all from Adam and Eve. We are all from the same ship”(https://topwar.ru/87782-my-vse-ot-adama-i-evy-my-vse-s-odnogo-korablya-chast-2.html). And there it was said that the ancient ancestor of the haplogroup R1a lived in Europe about 5000-5500 years ago, but it is not possible to establish this more precisely. Well, as for our common European ancestors, they lived there 7500 years ago. But all the cultures belonging to this era are well known to us, and there can be no talk of any greater development of this or that people. That is, their level of development was approximately the same, which was associated with the natural geographic characteristics of their habitat. Those who settled in the forests did not need racehorses, the people who settled on the lakes lived in settlements on stilts, the steppe people roamed on horseback and in chariots, and the northerners moved on skis, towed by a horse.
This map clearly shows which haplogroups are the most ancient, where and when they appeared, and where they later moved.
But with perseverance worthy of a better application (shovel into their hands and in the dirty work, dig the earth!), Other "historians" continue to zealously prove the universal primitive "Russianness", the stone-age antiquity of the "super-ethnos of the Rus" and to make the old age old, it is incomprehensible for what purpose. And also the country of Hyperborea immediately loomed from some side, from where we all came out at the dawn of civilization, and it is clear that it was the Russians who came out! "… A hypothesis is put forward that it was in the middle and lower reaches of the Ob that a certain civilizational center was once located, from where the ancestors of the Slavs, and, possibly, the Caucasians in general, dispersed all over the world." Well, yes, indeed, there is such an area, from where the haplogroup spread throughout Europe. But he was by no means in the North, and this, by the way, has long been well known.
Map showing the distribution of the ancient haplogroup R.
Oh, yes - well, how can you not remember that there is such a “Denisovan man”. So his poor one was also attributed to the Rus. But only here not everything is as we would like our would-be-antiquated. And since we remembered him, it makes sense to tell about how things are with him today in more detail …
Yes, indeed, until recently, scientists believed that the most ancient inhabitants of the European continent were precisely the Denisovites. But it so happened that back in 1976 in the Sierra de Atapuerca cave, near the Spanish city of Burgos, about four thousand bone remains and three dozen whole human skeletons were found, including the "Heidelberg man", which is considered to be the direct predecessor of the Neanderthals. As a result, it was even renamed and given the name Cima de los Huesos, which means "pit of bones" in Spanish.
Distribution map of haplogroup C, characteristic of the Mongols, Kazakhs, Western Buryats and Kalmyks. It has two main subclades: C1 and C2. The highest concentration is observed in … Australian aborigines isolated on their continent. This gives grounds for the conclusion that the carriers of this haplogroup are the descendants of the ancient population of Asia, who were the first to leave Africa, but their genes are preserved in high concentration only in two regions isolated from each other: in Mongolia and in Australia.
And in December 2013, geneticists finally managed to isolate the genome of the "Heidelberg man" and determine that he had more in common with the "Denisov man" who lived in Asia, and whose remains were studied in 2010 by a biologist from Sweden Svante Paabo, as well as academician from Russia Anatoly Derevyanko. It was their research that for some time made it possible to believe that the Denisovites were the first settlers in Europe. But doubts remained, and now the same Paabo and a number of other specialists decided to analyze not only mitochondrial DNA, which is transmitted to descendants through the maternal line and is well preserved in burials, but also nuclear.
And here is how the representatives of haplogroup J, which appeared 30 thousand years ago, "dispersed" around the world.
As a result of the examination carried out by Paabo, it turned out that the DNA of the "Heidelberg people" consists of 43% of fragments of precisely Neanderthal genes and only 7-8% of the "Denisovs". And if so, the "Denisovian hypothesis" is incorrect. So the ancient natives of the Atapuerca cave are Neanderthals with only a slight admixture of Denisovan blood. In addition, Paabo's group concluded that 100 thousand years ago, Neanderthals and modern humans had interspecies interbreeding. This is proved by the fact that approximately 5% of the genes of Neanderthals from Altai have mutations that are characteristic of today's inhabitants of Africa. But the "Denisovites" do not have these mutations. This means that there were close contacts between Neanderthals from Altai and Cro-Magnons from Africa.
“More than 100,000 years ago, people of the modern type left Africa for the first time in their history,” says Antonio Rozas of the Spanish National Science Museum in Madrid. “It was they who met the Neanderthals, who, apparently, then migrated to the south of modern Siberia, and took the genes of Homo sapiens with them as a keepsake.” By the way, this leads to the conclusion that there were several waves of migration from Africa: about 100-200 thousand years ago, and then 60-65 thousand years ago.
Distribution map of subclade I1. It is known that haplogroup I is present in Europe in two subclades - I1 and I2, that is, northern and southern.
Distribution map of subclade I2.
By the way, the DNA of Neanderthals in Spain and Croatia does not contain "African" fragments, that is, Europe was settled from the East by land, just like the East itself was populated by land … from Africa, but only a very, very long time, long before the mass migration of Cro-Magnons from Africa. An interesting fact was also found out that the "Neanderthal" and "African" genes were weakly compatible, so that the offspring that resulted from such a "crossing" was not viable. That is, the Neanderthals, in fact, could have been killed … by mixed marriages - that's how!
Distribution map of haplogroup R1a.
So we figured it out with the "Denisovites" and, probably, we will not talk more about them as the ancestors of the Slavs. But the notorious Hyperborea still remains, and what about it? And this is what happened to her: back in 1903, the Indian nationalist B. G. Tilak wrote the book The Arctic Homeland in the Vedas, where he tried to prove that the ancient texts of the Vedas and Upanishads speak of the Arctic origin of the Aryans. Indeed, in the north of Eurasia, the oldest finds date back to the Paleolithic era, for example, the Deering culture in Yakutia. But this culture is dated with a significant spread from 1.8 million to 250 thousand years. And it is possible that the excessive aging of the chronology of this culture is precisely what gives rise to speculative reasoning about the extratropical origin of man. However, we are talking about the “super ethnos of the Rus”, and it, together with the R1a mutation, arose, when? About 5000 years ago! And where does the Paleolithic chopper from Yakutia have to do with it? Yes, but later it became warm there, and people began to live there at a later time! And why then could they not become exactly the very Hyperboreans in question? Yes, simply because our ancestors did not leave "Russian" genes in the dominant volume in the north! That is, they are there, but the main genetic material is the genes of the Finno-Ugrians, while in Eastern Europe, as well as in Northern India, they are not. That is, in the north there is no "center of Russian genes", which means that there were no "Hyperboreans" either.
Another Eurasian haplogroup Rb. And who is not in it, starting with the Turkmen and Kazakhs and ending with … the Irish! Moreover, the migration proceeded, judging by the nature of the mutations, from east to west, where it ended up!
Well, now one more time about what science says about our ancestors, and not fantasies "a la ukraine". According to American and European scientists, the ethnic center of the Russian people appeared 4500 years ago precisely on the Central Russian Plain, since this place today gives indicators of the maximum concentration of the R1a1 subclade, and from here people of this haplogroup began to spread throughout Eastern Europe, as well as Siberia. The spread of peoples who spoke proto-Indo-European languages, including the subclades of haplogroups R1a and R1b, occurred westward from the Don to the Dniester and Danube, and also eastward to the Volga and Ural mountains.
Distribution map of the main European haplogroups. Of course, you can write that all this … the machinations of evil imperialists who want to steal our antiquity from us. Well, out of harm, let's say. But there are studies by our Russian scientists who verify all this and … confirm. This map, for example, is taken from our Russian study. See, Balanovsky O. P. Variability of the gene pool in space and time … // Abstract of a doctoral dissertation in biological sciences. M., MGNTs RAMS, 2012, p. 13.
Most likely, men of both haplogroups lived in the Black Sea steppes. So haplogroup R1a is "Russianness" from the point of view of modern genetics. All carriers of this haplogroup are biological or blood relatives that make up a single people - Russian and it has an ancient and glorious history enough to drag it around the various sunken Atlantis, Hyperboreans and Lemurians.
Distribution map of haplogroup N. These are Finns, Balts, Yakuts, Buryats. And look at the region in which they were marked with their genes ?! And where in this area there are traces of R1a with a percentage equal to at least 50%. Is it that all Hyperboreans were virgins to the grave?
In William Scott-Elliot's book Lemuria - A Lost Continent, published in 1930, there was a map in which the hypothetical areas of Hyperborea were highlighted in blue. And everywhere the haplogroup dominates there … N. So there can be no talk of any "northern homeland" of the Slavs.
